Agricultural enterprises seeking to employ management accounting techniques Essay

Yes. I think the case study with its proposed solutions would be useful to the agricultural enterprises seeking to employ management accounting techniques. It is because the study adopts the activity-based method of costing product and cost allocations. Activities are the main focus on activity-based costing. The main theory in ABC is that overhead costs are originated by an array of movements, and those different products make use of these activities in a heterogeneous way. Costing the activity is normally an in-between step in the distribution of overhead costs to products, to acquire more precise product cost information. However, occasionally the activity itself is the cost object of interest. Like for example, manager of a company might desire to know how much the company spends to acquire their raw materials, as input in a sourcing judgment. The activity of acquiring the raw materials incurs costs associated with negotiating prices with suppliers, issuing purchase orders, receiving fabric, inspecting fabric, and processing payments and returns. The steps to product costing are: 1) Identify the cost; 2) Identify the direct costs associated with the cost object; 3) Identify overhead costs; 4) Select the cost allocation base for assigning overhead costs to the cost object; and 5) Develop the overhead rate per unit for allocating overhead to the cost object. ABC improves steps #3 and #4 dividing large heterogeneous cost groups into multiple smaller, homogeneous cost groups. ABC then tries to choose, as the cost allocation base for each overhead cost pool, a cost driver that best takes hold the cause and effect relationship between the cost object and the incurrence of overhead costs. Usually the best cost driver is a non-financial variable. ABC can moderately turn out to be elaborate. For example, it is frequently helpful to use a two-stage allocation method whereby overhead costs are allocated to intermediate cost groups in the first phase, and then allocated from these intermediate cost groups to products in the second phase. Intermediate step is useful because it permits the introduction of multiple cost drivers for a single overhead cost item. Cost pools are usually established for each level in a hierarchy of costs in an activity-based costing. The following cost hierarchy is commonly identified for manufacturing firms: Unit-level costs. These costs change in a more-or-less linear manner with the number of units produced for any given product. For example, fabric and thread are unit-level costs for a clothing manufacturer; if the company would like to increase production by 100%, it will need twice as much fabric and thread. Batch-level costs. These costs change in a more-or-less linear mode with the number of batches run. Machine setup costs are regularly batch-level costs. The time needed to prepare a machine to run one batch of product is usually independent of the number of units in the batch; the same time required in preparing the machine to run a batch of 100 units as a batch of 50 units. Consequently, batch level costs do not necessarily differ in a linear way with the number of units processed. Product-level costs: These costs are regularly fixed and direct with respect to a given product. An example is the salary of a product manager with responsibility for only one product. The product manager’s salary is a fixed cost to the company for a wide range of production volume levels. However, if the company removes the product totally, the product manager is not anymore needed. Facility-level costs. These costs are usually fixed and direct with respect to the facility. An example is property taxes on the facility, or the salaries of front office personnel such as the receptionist and office manager. ABC provides more exact product cost information because traditional costing systems commonly distribute all overhead, including batch-level overhead, using an allocation base that is suitable only for unit-level costs. The traditional costing system distributes all overhead based on number of units produced. ABC method clearly identifies the cost  hierarchy would correct this problem. ABC could be effectively applied in merchandising and service companies as well as manufacturing firms. Although, originally ABC is attributed to manufacturing companies in the 1980s, by then hospitals were already allocating overhead costs to departments and then to patient services using methods comparable to ABC. Implementations of relatively sophisticated allocation processes were required in hospitals to comply with Medicare reimbursement rules. Other non-manufacturing industries that have benefited from ABC include financial services firms and retailers. 2. If the Farm Council Case did not use Activity Based Costing, identify several dysfunctional decisions that could be made using traditional cost allocation. Which solution do you prefer, the initial or alternative solution proposed in the case? Unlike ABC, the traditional costing system distributes all overhead based on number of units produced which resulted to inappropriate identification of the cost hierarchy. Thus product costing and pricing is not at all very precise and effective.

Analysis of Act 1 Scene 7 from Shakespeare’s Macbeth Essay

This extract is from act one scene seven. This is when Macbeth gives his soliloquy on stage, right after Duncan arrives and is invited into their house by Lady Macbeth. The setting is still in Macbeth’s castle at Inverness. He is confused as to whether to kill Duncan or not. This scene is mainly about Macbeth giving his soliloquy where he shows his dilemma on whether he should kill Duncan or not. His wife Lady Macbeth accuses Macbeth of being a coward and that she herself would want to kill Duncan or at least pass on her evil ideas to Macbeth. Macbeth feels very emotional about killing Duncan as he feels that they are kinsmen and that Duncan has high regard for Macbeth. He is also doubtful that they might be caught in the process and that they will be in a worse off situation. Lady Macbeth brainwashes him and at last gets him to listen to her. There is a main theme in this scene that is that whether Macbeth should kill or not kill his king Duncan, who also happened to be his guest. Macbeth’s conscience comes over him and he feels that he should not commit this horrendous deed while his wife teases him about his weakness and cowardice. This is when Macbeth decides once in for all that he will kill Duncan as Macbeth has nothing to argue with Lady Macbeth so he listens to her. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth’s relationship is very strong. Macbeth is a very weak and cowardice man when compared to his wife as she is outgoing and is very strong. Macbeth is a brave and strong warrior but his emotions and his conscience make him very weak and frail. This causes him to have doubts on whether he should kill his king or not. There is a lot of imagery in this scene of the play. First there is all the dark imagery which portrays the evil in the book. There is also Macbeth’s ambition which is portrayed as a horse in the statement â€Å"Vaulting ambition which o’erleaps itself†. There is also some child imagery in the line â€Å"And pity, like a naked newborn babe†. There is once again the reversal of values in the last line â€Å"False face must hide what the false heart doth know†. The dramatic effect in this scene is very high as in most of the other  scenes. There is a heightened suspense of whether Macbeth will choose to kill Duncan or not. The audience is made to believe that Macbeth will not kill Duncan, but Lady Macbeth brainwashes Macbeth towards the end and he decides to kill Duncan and take the throne. This scene should be enacted on a very dark and gloomy setting where there is a lot of echo. This gives the audience the effect of evil in the set. If this scene is performed well the audience will be struck by the seriousness and the suspense of the scene. This scene is very important in the whole play as this scene shows the faithfulness of Macbeth towards Duncan. This scene also shows the good side of Macbeth. The audience is shown that Lady Macbeth was one of the main motives behind pushing Macbeth towards murdering Duncan.

Self-Evaluation Learning and Action Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Self-Evaluation Learning and Action Plan - Essay Example According to my last assessment action plan, I reside in Australia where I am an undergraduate student. I always dreamt of being a successful entrepreneur and helping the poor and needy by contributing towards their betterment. However, becoming successful in Australia for a novice like me was difficult, so after much research I found Indonesia to be the most suitable market for developing my business. With this aim in mind I had set a timeline of 10 years and developed an action plan for myself. I also chose the business of manufacturing and selling water bottles after conducting a research with an experienced businessman in Indonesia. My action plan starts from my market research in the market of Indonesia. Studying the market in Indonesia requires 6 months. In this time period I will be analyzing the external business environment of the country. The next step in the action plan that would be studied is the bottle industry of Indonesia. This would also take a time period of six mon ths. It would help in assessing the bottle makers in Indonesia and also help me to understand their strategies. Then a consumer analysis would be done, which would take another 2 months. This is to understand the preferences of the buyers. So almost a year is necessary for market research, which would include the above functions (Schreuder, 2006, p. 301). After a year of analysis, a plan has to be developed regarding the infrastructure for development of manufacturing plant, land or property requirement for the manufacturing plant. Another 22 months were assigned for this task, which is another 2 years. The recruitment process for the manufacturing plant and the office would take another 6 months. After recruitment of relevant staff, the business can be started. The basic functions of business can be conducted, such as manufacturing, marketing, selling and other related functions. After I establish the business and settle all the functions smoothly, opportunities for diversification can be searched. If suitable options are found, then further expansion or diversification would be conducted utilizing the available resources in the next 2–3 years. This is my action plans for future, which I developed in assessment 1. This is what I have set to achieve, but I haven’t achieved it yet because I am still an undergraduate student, as mentioned above. This does not mean that nothing has been achieved towards my way to success. The studies which I am doing in Australia would definitely be the initial step towards my climb to become a successful businessman in Indonesia. From the action plan developed by me in the last assessment, I realized certain significant facts that would help me to lead my way towards my developed action plan. It is easy to create frameworks and plans, but in order to develop and follow long-term visions, one has to realize what they want to be, who they want to be and how they want to be. The interval between now and the time of im plementing the action plan is the best time for developing entrepreneurial skills in me. The road for development of a successful business starts with gaining good knowledge about the industry, developing certain basic skills such as managerial qualities – leadership qualities which can be cultivated by taking part in events in the institute. Further, if I also go for completing my masters, then it would be an added advantage for me. Not only will I be able to understand the

In the attachment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

In the attachment - Essay Example Its presence provides sanctity to the Gudwara, which is the place of worship of Sikh followers (2). Sikhism believes in concepts such as the universal acceptance of all humanity, belief in one God, the name of God is Truth (Sat Num), the equality of all persons irrespective of their caste, color, gender, nationality, and religion, and equality in sexes is emphasized (2). In addition, the ten Gurus of the religion are considered one with the Divine being, wherein each had divine attributes (Singh Chanal 11). Moreover, the Sikh philosophy is grounded in the spirit of freedom, which influenced its notion of social justice and freedom. Sikhism cherishes freedom not only for themselves but for others as well (Singh 1). The understanding of this religious tradition provides a more logical approach in a religious belief, since the teachings of Sikhism emphasizes that the True God encompasses all the names that are attributed to it by other religions and that there is only one God worshipped by any other religion. Sikhism also values equality of every individual and its aim for freedom for everyone is also a very noble act. Religion in many centuries has always been an integral dimension in many armed conflicts, due to the inherent differences in the religious beliefs and practices of different religions. The diversity of these traditions had been a constant hurdle in undergoing conflict resolutions (Hapviken 352). Thus, religion can have both positive and negative impacts on the efforts of peacemaking. Multidimensional approach is also fundamental in order to address the conflicts between different beliefs and inter-religious dialogue is the key part of this (Brajovic 186). Religious traditions imply its negative potential on the aspect wherein a member of one religion has a tendency to uphold strong religious

Management of Occupational Health & Safety Essay

Management of Occupational Health & Safety - Essay Example The incident was caused by the night crew putting a condensate injection pump into service, that earlier in the day had been taken out of service for maintenance. Additionally, the magnitude of the disaster was multiplied since a pressure safety valve had been removed for recertification. Such non-routine work increases risk of a catastrophic accident taking place (AICE, 2007: 287). Primarily, operator errors should have been prevented. Written, standardized procedures and permits applying to the entire facility or to the equipment, are a practical necessity for effectively and consistently controlling non-routine work related to high-risk activities. This includes two-way communication through checklists or permits to authorize the work, which highlight particular hazards that might be encountered and specify appropriate safeguards. Permits for non-routine work should be issued and reviewed by a trained person. Additionally, a preventive system of maintenance department locks should be in place (AICE, 2007: 293-295, 298). Further, the offshore installation manager (OIM) at the Piper Alpha was untrained to cope with the emergency. He did not communicate or take crucial decisions to cut off oil production, block supply of gas to the pipelines from the neighbouring facility, call for helicopters for rescue work, delegate authority or alleviate stress in the men (Flin et al, 1996: 262). Engineering design of the different components in the facility was faulty, such as interdependent couplings and linkages among the components of the facility, and with neighbouring installations. Hence, there was no provision for automatic shutdown of production, or for alarm, public address, and other critical systems. The mutual proximity of control room, radio room, electric generators, diesel room, with production modules caused a chain action of component failures due to fire propagation and explosions. The design of fire protection such as

Occupational Safety Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Occupational Safety - Assignment Example The biggest problem here is that the diseases do not develop immediately but appear after a few years of exposure. The impact of pollution at workplace on productivity has been well investigated. Studies on the impact of pollution at work environment in productivity reveal a tendency of reduction in the economic activity (Marrewijk, 2005). "Sick building Syndrome" (SBS) and 'Building related illness' (BRI) gives rise to employee complaints such as headaches, dizziness, disorientation, fatigue, ear, eye and throat irritations. The world demand for high-speed ferries and LNG tanks is being met with an increase in Aluminium welding and casting production. This has introduced a new health hazard to the Aluminium welders and ways are being probed to protect the welders against the Aluminium fumes. In the U.K, the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) regulations stipulates that the occupational expose limit for Aluminium fume should not exceed 5mgm exp 3 of air. Aluminium fumes during welding also generate quantities of ozone gas, which can cause nausea (Rabin, 1997) and unconsciousness. Welding is a process in which metal or other thermoplastic materials are joined together by the application of heat or pore sure or both. Electric welding was introduced in 1940s. Aluminium welding has been in prominence since 1970. There are several types of welding like Arc welding and Manual metal arc is a common process where the workers are exposed to the fumes. Carbon arc, Cold welding, Electron beam welding, Flux core arc welding, Gas welding, Gas metal arc welding, Gas tungsten arc welding, Shielded metal arc welding, Plasma arc welding, Laser beam welding are the other welding processes where workers are exposed to metal fumes. The welding workers have a high exposure of metal fumes and the exposure depends on place, confined space, workshop or open air. The metal fumes depend on not only the Aluminium but also the process involved, which may produce gases like acetylene, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, ozone, phosgene and tungsten. The metal fumes primarily enter the human system by inhalation route namely Respiration.. The deposition of these inhaled metallic particles is influenced by its physical and chemical properties and a variety of host factors. In the lungs, these particles produce a variety of reactions depending on the concentration, duration of the exposure of the particles, and degree of exposure. All Metallic particles greater than 10 are deposited on the Mucous membrane in the nose and pharynx. Particles between 3m and 10 m are deposited throughout the trachea of the lungs. Particles less than 3m are deposited in the alveoli and cause serious hazards. These particles have a fair chance of being carried into the blood stream and cause Hepatotoxicity

How to Develop An Assessment Tool To Facilitate The Organizations Essay

How to Develop An Assessment Tool To Facilitate The Organizations Hiring Process - Essay Example To increase the percentage of hiring the right person for the job, it is necessary to consider the following set of criteria: 1. Verify job application before setting an interview. Job application will enable the HR manager to have a good insight as to whether or not the job applicant is loyal to his/her employer. Through the one-on-one interview with the job applicant, HR manager could somehow determine the type of personality and previous work exposure the applicant has. 2. Skills evaluation and job analysis. It is not enough to read through the resume regarding the applicant’s claimed skills. It is best to give the applicant an actual test to allow the HR manager evaluate the applicant’s potential work performance. A job analysis is an essential part of job recruitment processes. Through job analysis, HR managers can define a particular job responsibility and identify the a potential employee’s work abilities, skills, educational background and experiences necessary to allow the person to perform a given job position (Stone 2005, p. 10). 3. Based on the applicant’s rating and employment verification result, HR manager should be ready to create the applicant’s skills profile. This profile will be useful in narrowing the criteria used in making the final decision. According to Hacker (1997), â€Å"a poor recruitment decision can cost a company the amount equal to 30% of the company’s First-year earnings† due to the possibility that the company will lose some of its loyal customers, the high cost associated with the provision of training programs, advertising costs, recruitment fees, and lower productivity level (Bach 2005, p. 115). Based on the background information gathered from each of the five companies, it is safe to conclude that a successful hiring process tool is composed of a set of criteria that can be useful

Market Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Market Economics - Essay Example Economists basically realize 4 kinds of markets i.e. perfect competition, monopoly, oligopoly and monopolistic competition. Under perfect competition the firms are numerous and the buyers have perfect knowledge of the current market situation and hence the sellers are known as price takers because no one buyer or seller can influence the market to charge their desired market price and hence have to sell products at the price where the market tends to clear. In this form of competition there are only short term profits because there are virtually no barriers to entry and hence when the demand increases there are supernormal profits to be earned for a short period of time because when other suppliers see that the industry is earning super normal profits they tend to move into the market to get their share of the market, this tends to increase the supply of the industry and the profit levels tend to decrease as more and more suppliers move into the industry. This type of earning of a sh are of the super normal profit is known as hit and run competition because suppliers move in when the industry is earning super normal profits and leave as soon as the super normal profits are not earned any more due to increased supply. In conclusion a firm in perfect competition is a price taker because of the perfect knowledge and the number of firms and the output decisions are influenced by the demand of the goods and the number of suppliers. Monopolies consist of only one firm in the industry which is the sole supplier of the goods for that particular industry. Such a situation emerges when the firm has total control over the resources that are needed to produce that particular good in this case it is known as a 'natural monopoly'. The other scenario could be that the firm could have set very high or very rigid barriers to entry and hence no other firm can break through these barriers to gain entry into the industry. The monopolistic firm can control either of the two things at a time a) the price of the good b) the quantity that they wish to sell The monopolist cannot control both because he cannot control demand, if he wishes to sell the product at a certain price then the demand curve for that industry or that good would determine what quantity of goods are sold at that particular price and if he wishes to sell of a particular quantity then the demand for that good would establish the price at which the good would clear the market. The monopolist power to influence price depends upon two factors: a) the number of substitutes b) the power to restrict the entry of the firms into that particular industry Monopolistic competition is one where there are a large number of firms in the industry producing similar products but no two products are the same hence the concept of brand image and quality is catered to in this market structure and hence products are differentiated, the firms are price makers. In order to change the price firms will have to tinker with the level of quantity. The monopolistic competition market earns normal profits in the long run because there are very few barriers to entry into the in

Political Economy of the European Union Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Political Economy of the European Union - Essay Example states, assuring the  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœfreedom of movement of people, goods, services and capital’.  It preserves a common trade policy,  agricultural and  fisheries  policies,  and a regional development policy.  Fifteen member states have implemented a common currency, the  euro. It has build up a role in  foreign policy, and represents its members in the  World Trade Organization, at  G8  summits and at the  United Nations. Twenty-one EU nations are part of  NATO. It has also taken up a responsibility in justice and home affairs, which includes the elimination of passport control between many member nations under the  Schengen Agreement. (Alan, 2007) The EU functions through a hybrid mechanism of  intergovernmentalism  and  supranationalism. In particular areas it relies on agreement among the member states. However, it also possesses supranational bodies, thus is competent to make judgments without agreement between each and every national governments. Among the prominent institutions and bodies of the EU are the  European Commission, the  European Parliament, the  Council of the European Union, the  European Council, the  European Court of Justice,  and the  European Central Bank. In every five years, the Parliament is elected by the EU citizens. Origins of the EU go back to the formation of the  European Coal and Steel Community,  formed among six countries in 1951 and the  Treaty of Rome  in 1957. Thereafter the EU has expanded in size via accession of new associate states, and in authority by adding new policy areas to its remit. (Richard, 2006) Subsequent to the  Second World War, efforts made towards European integration were viewed as a get away approach from the intense forms of nationalism, which had ravaged the continent.  The  formation of the European Coal and Steel Community was among one such attempt to bring together Europeans. While having the unassuming aim of federal control of the formerly national coal and steel industries of its member nations, it

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 3

Assignment - Essay Example The culture differentiates one society to another and so cultures bear a very important part of our personalities. Many philosophers have endeavored to give the world their measures of the different components of culture. These components help us in comparing one culture with another (Gevurtz, 2006). One may think why that is important; well this comparison of cultures helps in finding out how distinct or how similar two cultures are. Since the world has become too connected, it is important to have the compatible cultures with linked countries so that businesses and other errands work smoothly. Despite the professionalism and the strict working environment that we see today, business related countries should have cultural compatibility. This helps in understanding each other better and results in better communication. Communication is essential for businesses since it is the sole binding force of all the specialized tasks that take place at different times in different locations for a business. Hofstede’s dimensions for cultural compatibility have been used over time for assessing how similar or how different cultures are. When international business ventures are planned, companies often take the works of researchers like Hofstede and Hall to get an idea if the concerned countries are culturally compatible. If so, it is believed that they are more susceptible to growth and success. Geert Hofstede’s cultural dimensions have been used to describe national or, better put, popular cultures. Hofstede’s ideas are based on a large scale research project to bridge cultural differences globally and to come up with a global popular culture! It uses data obtained from sixty-four countries. These studies identify five dimensions. These dimensions can be used to analyze how similar or different countries are (Spanogle, 2009). The first dimension is of power distance, second one being individualism, third masculinity, fourth uncertainty avoidance and last one

Water Conservation Essay Example for Free

Water Conservation Essay Water is an integral part of land/soil productivity. Its misuse can cause both degradation and erosion of soils. Management of water resource is considered to necessary for well being of human life as well as crop yields. There is a gap between the seasonal availability of water and its equitable supply throughout the year. Accordingly the storage of water and passage through soils is very important. It is well known that about 70% area in this country is subject to varying degree of water stress. There are areas with heavy rainfall but water problems become predominant during non-monsoon periods. It is thus a matter of concern to create a redistribution system and requirements as and when it is needed. Although there are many methods for water management, the two important methods are mentioned as follows. (I) Watershed management (II) Rainwater harvesting (I) Watershed Management : A watershed is an area bounded by the divide line of water flow so that a distinct drainage basin of any small or big water course or stream can be identified. The rain falling over this area will flow through only one point of the whole watershed. In other words, the entire area will be drained only by one stream or water course. In this way we will have definitive water resource which can be assessed and analyzed for planning for the optimum utilization through ground water, wells, tube wells, small ponds, bigger tanks or reservoirs. Watershed management is very important for rainfall and resultant run-off. More than 900 watersheds of the flood prone rivers have been identified and are at present in operation. The development of delayed through propagation of water harvesting technology is also based on the concept of micro watershed. Himalayas are one of the most critical watersheds in the world. The damage to reservoirs and irrigation systems and misused Himalayan slopes is mounting as are the costs for the control measures during the flood season every year. The vast hydroelectric power potential can be harnessed from the Himalayas watersheds on a sustainable basis. (II) Rain water Harvesting : Water harvesting technologies have established the economic and practical feasibility for inclusion in integrated watershed management plans. A number  of such structures in the Hirakud catchment have revealed that these are desirable for protection of land, restoration of degraded land for creation of micro irrigation potential of reuse of water. This would also help in increased production based productivity for generation of employment of opportunities. The concept of watershed management has been extended to agro-industrial watersheds which take care of agro-industrial development.

Advantages of Television Essay Example for Free

Advantages of Television Essay Nowadays, many people all over the world spend most of their free time watching television. No one can deny the fact that, there is a television in almost every home. It is one of the most common entertainments for people all over the world. However, since its arrival, television has brought to man, many advantages. First and foremost, television plays an important role in our daily activities. It keeps us informed of all current affairs in the world. Events through television are more vivid than those through books and magazines. This is because we can watch these events which are sometimes aired on live telecast. Apart from that, television helps us enrich our spiritual lives. Our knowledge is broadened in many ways. Through language teaching programs , we can learn the language we like, such as, English, French, German, Chinese, Japanese and Spanish. We can also brush up our skills through various programs in television. We can become skillful at doing jobs, baking cakes or arranging flowers through practical programs taught on television. It is also undeniable that, television is a source of recreation. Humorous stories and funny films bring us minutes of relaxation after a hard day’s work. For me, sitting comfortably in an armchair to watch an international football match on television is more interesting than having to queue for tickets at a crowded stadium. In a nutshell, television is indeed useful to us when we know how to use it. Nevertheless, be careful not to overindulge ourselves in it and use in a discerning manner.

Biological Sciences Task Cells Biology Essay

Biological Sciences Task Cells Biology Essay Cells are grouped to form tissues, and each of them has specialised role. Our body develops from a cell known as the zygote that is the consequences of the fusion of the female ovum (egg cell) and the spermatozoon of the male (germ cell). Single cells are very tiny and cannot be seen with the naked eye. Cell types are distinguished by their dye (colouring) and by their shape and size. Cells consist of plasma membrane within which is number of organelles. Nucleus: it is a small electron particles composed of ribosomal RNA. The nucleus contains our bodys genetic substance that is in the form of large molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). There are dozens of DNA molecules called chromosomes. The molecule of DNA is a series of nucleotide molecules known as proteins, and are connected by phosphate-sugar molecules. The nucleotide molecules contain one of the following materials known as bases: adenine (A), thiamine (T), guanine (G), cytosine (C). The bases are in set pattern; an in one chain is matching with T in the other and G with C. In this order of arrangement, each chain is complementary to the other. Every cell has the total match of genes needed to synthesise all the proteins, but majority of cells merely synthesise proteins that are suitable for their functions. It means enzymes can only be produced if the controlling gene is present, and when gene is missing, the linked enzyme is missing and there will be no chemical change. The RNA is responsible for the transfer of information from DNA to the cytoplasm where proteins are synthesised. Genetic information passes from DNA to RNA encouraging protein synthesis. (Anatomy and Physiology, 7th ed, 1990). Cell membrane: it is the most important organelle; it holds and keeps the cell intact. Cell membrane is moveable, and it moves along narrow passage. It is made up of phospholipids bilayers (two molecule layers), and has hydrophilic heads which are soluble in water and hydrophobic tails which are not soluble in water. The head has lipid molecules and a phosphate group (PO4) at the end. The apex and underneath layers of the membrane have stems that are facing each other. It also has proteins of which some are with carbohydrate. The cell membrane has 4 major functions, which are to maintain homeostasis, control the materials that can go in and out of the cell, and hold the cell together. (Cdli.ca, 2010) Cytoplasm: it is the basic substance that fills the cell, a fluid jelly-like substance that is eight percent (8%) water and typically plain in colour. Cytoplasm is also called cytosol (cell substance). It is found within the cell membrane and surrounds the nuclear cover and the cytoplasmic organelles. It is a substance that is made up of molecules and in which all the cells organelles are suspended and held as one by a fatty membrane. Cytoplasm can only be seen through an electron microscope, and it comes into view as a three dimensional lattice protein rich strands called microtrabecular lattice (MTL). It interconnects and holds other hard (solid) structure in the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm helps to move substances and it changes shape as it moves. (sln.fi.edu, 2010). Task 1.2 Explain the structure and function of the main cellular organelles. Nucleus: they are small electron particles that have ribosomal RNA. The RNA is responsible for the transfer of information from DNA to the cytoplasm where proteins are synthesised. Genetic information passes from DNA to RNA encouraging protein synthesis. (Anatomy and Physiology, 7th ed, 1990). Cell membrane: it is a sphere-shaped structure, and it is rich in ribosomal RNA and protein. It surrounds the contents of the cell and controls the flow of materials into and out of the cell. (HUMAN BODY, 2001). Mitochondria: it contains varieties of organelles, e.g, mitochondria and lysosomes. They are found in the cytoplasm and sometimes referred to as the power house of the cell. It produces a material known as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which carries energy in all cells. (Anatomy and Physiology, 7th ed, 1990), (HUMAN BODY, 2001) Endoplasmic reticulum: it contains DNA and synthesises specialised proteins, e.g., muscle protein and steroid hormones, and it is linked with detoxification (process of removing a toxic substance) of some drugs. Endoplasmic reticulum is dotted with ribosomes, which consist of RNA. It helps to transport substances through the cell. (Anatomy and Physiology, 7th ed, 1990), (HUMAN BODY, 2001) Nucleolus: a tiny structure that is inside the nucleus. It permits the transportation of water-soluble molecules across the nucleus. Golgi complex: a heap of compressed sacs. It receive and process protein, the proteins are made to order and then released at the cell membrane. (HUMAN BODY, 2001) Lysosomes: potent enzymes; they mortify dangerous substances that is in the cell, and also dispose of other unwanted materials and weary organelles. (HUMAN BODY, 2001) Ribosome: they are tiny granular structure, and they play major role in the gathering of proteins. (HUMAN BODY, 2001) Nuclear pores: a membrane bound vesicle; plays a part in cellular digestive system. Task 1.3 Describe the role of nucleic acids in protein synthesis. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the genetic substance from which chromosomes in cells nucleus are formed, and it controls protein synthesis and inheritance (transmission of genetically controlled characteristics). Protein synthesis begins when the DNA coils provisionally relax at exact points. In the nucleus a doubled strand of DNA temporarily partly untwists. Transcription, which is the copying of the nucleus bases on one strand of DNA, begins to happen. Free bases match with those on DNA; adenine joins with thymine, guanine with cytosine, uracil substitutes thymine and joins with adenine. Forming a strand of messenger RNA. A completed strand of messenger RNA separates from the DNA, which twists back into place. The messenger RNA leaves the nucleus carrying the code for a protein into the cytoplasm. The messenger RNA with its series of codons (units of three nucleotides) for amino acids, attaches to a ribosome and translation starts. Translation, the sequencing of amino acids happens when free tRNA with its anticodon (units of three nucleotides) from the cytoplasm matches up and links to mRNA. When second tRNA joins, a peptide bond links the two amino acids at the ends of tRNA together, starting a peptide chain. The first tRNA separates leaving its amino acid behind. The ribosome moves along the mRNA reading the code. A third tRNA joins and the next amino acid is connected by another peptide bond. The synthesis continues until a stop or termination codon completes the process and the assembled polypeptide or protein is released. (HUMAN BODY, 2001). Task 2.1 Describe the structure and function of the cell membrane. Image of Cell membrane (lamp.tu, 2010). Cell membrane consists of a bilayer (two layers of molecules) of phospholipid (head and two tails) that is surrounded with mobile proteins. The phosphate head of phospholipid is hydrophilic, and the fatty acid tails are hydrophobic. The membrane structure depends on fatty acids molecules (lipids) in other to spread on the water surface. It is only one end of the lipid molecule that is attracted by water and the whole hydrocarbon tail is hydrophobic. The molecules form a monomolecular film on the water surface and scatter as very small droplets (drop of liquid). Fatty acids are able to support a double lipid bilayer when it is paired. Fatty acids in membranes are paired as phospholipids and glycolipids, joining saturated and unsaturated chains. Phospholipids are plentiful in membranes and glycerol, and are usually at the main structure. The fatty acid membrane is the storage place of the cell, it protects its content from dispersing casually, and it also permits control of the internal environment. Two lipid layers adhere to one another, in a double membrane, while it exposes water-soluble heads. Lipid molecules are free to glide in their layer. Common polar groups are ethanolamine, serine and choline. Sphingolipids are phospholipids with serine, their saturated hydrocarbon tails are usually longer and straighter than other membrane lipids, and it allows them cluster into rafts, which floats inside the membrane. Glycolipids are restricted to the external layer of the cell membrane. They are constructed like phospholipids, but the serine substitutes glycerol. Polar sugar chains might extend outside from the glycolipid molecules. Cholesterol straightens membranes by reducing fluidity of lipid. Rafts in particular, are rich in cholesterol. Tiny molecules that are soluble in oils, easily pass through the lipid bilayer, and they are O2 (oxygen) and CO2 (carbon dioxide). The lipid bilayers present a solid barrier to ions and other small molecules. The larger molecules do not have any chance of passing through lipid bilayers. The larger molecules are H+ (hydrogen), Na+ (sodium), K+ (potassium), Mg+ (magnesium), Ca+ (calcium), Cl+ (chlorine) and H2O (water). Membrane proteins has major role in determining what goes in and out of the cell. They detect and bind specified molecules, and then move them through the membrane barrier. About a half of the membrane has protein chains, the amount might be less in nerve cells because the membranes are rich in complex fatty acids. About a third of the cells genetic substance (DNA) codes for membrane proteins show their importance to the cell. Proteins are strings of amino acids, known as polypeptides. They fold into molecular sculptures (three dimensions), which they need in other to perform task that depend on their exact shapes and properties. Some proteins are at one side of the membrane while others go all the way through. Transmembrane protein channels transport specific molecules across the membrane. Majority of transmembrane protein have helical sections with other portions that are exposed on whichever side of the membrane. Helical section might come together to form tunnels. The helices cre ate a wave of contraction that moves ions from one side of the membrane to the other. Tiny ions, like potassium, calcium and sodium vigorously conduct across membranes by ATP-powered pumps. Some protein tunnels depend on gate to control the passive (inactive) flow of water and other polar molecules through the membrane bilayer. Protein chains might cross as beta sheet basket- like channels and allow larger molecules to pass. Protein chains might fasten in an electricity static state inside on leaflet, of the membrane, leaving the active domains to protrude (stick out) from the membrane. Long sugar chains (oligossacharides) attach to the external surface of the membrane proteins and glycolipids to form the glycocalyx. The glycocalyx declare the cells identity to the exterior. Membrane can overwhelm substances from the exterior. Endocytosis (membrane navigation) encloses large objects and drag them into the cell. Other viruses use their own membrane which can combine with the cell mem brane. (John Kyrk, 2010). Task 2.2 Explain the differences between osmosis, diffusion, active transport and bulk transport. Cells move water molecules, food particles, and other substances through the membranes. Things like water pass through easily, and others have to be moved through the channels. Solute; is a substance that dissolve in solvent to formulate solution, and solvent is a substance in which solute is dissolve to make a solution. Example is saltwater, in which salt is the solute, and water is the solvent. Diffusion is the mixing of two substances by random motion of molecules. Molecules move from an area of high concentration, to an area of low concentration. When the molecules spread out equally, diffusion stops, because there is no longer a concentration of gradient (steepness). Concentration gradient, is the difference between the concentration of molecule in one area and the concentration of molecule in an adjacent (beside) area. The system has reached its equilibrium, when the concentration of solute is the same throughout a system. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a semipermeable (allows some types of things pass through) membrane. Water moves across membrane from a region of high concentration of water, to an area of low concentration of water. Facilitated diffusion is a movement of particles and diffusion across the cell membranes with the help of proteins in the membranes. Particles move down the concentration gradient going from high concentration to low concentration. Facilitated diffusion increases the rate of particles that cross the cell membrane. (biologymad.com, 2010) The process of diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion, does not need any energy to be used by the cell. The three processes are known as passive transport. The processes by which the cell uses energy to move particles across the membrane, is known as active transport. The cell movement of things from low concentration, to high concentration, is known as active transport, because it needs energy to do so. The cell uses active transport to keep the right balance of sodium and potassium ions in and out of the cell. This balance is vital for muscle contraction, nutrient absorption, and nerve pulse transmission. Bulk transport is for the movement large particles in and out of the cell. During bulk transport, large particles move across cell membrane packed in membrane-bound sacs. Bulk transport is of two types; exocytosis and endocytosis. Exocytosis is to move from inside the cell, to outside the cell. Wastes and cell products are packaged by the Golgi body in sacs known as Golgi vesicles. The vesicles combine with the cell membrane and materials are secreted outside the cell. Endocytosis are materials brought into the cell. Part of the cell membrane surrounds a particle that is outside the cell. The cell pinches a part of its outer membrane to form a new vesicle. When the vesicle is within the cell, it can combine with other organelles or release its contents into cytoplasm. There are two types of endocytosis; the pinocytosis and the phagocytosis. Pinocytosis is when a cell membrane surrounds a droplet of fluid and bring into the cell. Phagocytosis is when a cell engulfs (overwhelm) a solid substance and bring into the cell. Phagocytosis engulfs (surrounds and swallow) and destroys bacteria and other invaders of the body. Hypertonic solution; the concentration of solutes is higher than the concentration of solutes inside the cell, example is potatoes in salt water, water left the cells (diffuses out) and the potatoes became flexible. Hypotonic solution; solutes concentration is lower than the concentration of solutes inside the cell. Water diffuses into the cell, an example, is potatoes in distilled water, the water came into the cells, making the cell to swell and the potatoes becomes rigid Isotonic solution; the concentration of solutes equals the concentration of solutes within the cell. (biologymad.com, 2010) Task 2.3 Give examples of materials exchanged by different methods with a justification in each case. Diffusion: is a very slow process, materials exchanged, are gases oxygen and carbon dioxide. The lungs have high concentration of oxygen (O2) in the air sacs (alveoli), and a low concentration of oxygen in the blood of pulmonary capillaries. Carbon dioxide (CO2) has a low concentration in the alveoli, and a high concentration in the blood of the pulmonary capillaries. Oxygen diffuses from the air to the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the air. (maexamhelp, 2010). Osmosis: it is where the cells lining the small intestine, absorb water. The exchanged material is salt. Cells take in salts and become more salty, and then water follows the salts into the cell. This process also takes place in kidneys because of its large demand of water. (maexamhelp, 2010) Active transport: nerves and muscle cells have sodium pump. Sodium ions (Na+) continually diffuse into the cell area of smaller concentration. Incoming sodium ions (Na+) are returned outside by the sodium pump. The nerve and muscle cells continually produce ATP to keep their sodium pump working. Another example is the assimilation of glucose and amino acids by the cells. The cells assimilate nutrients from digested food by the use of ATP. (maexamhelp, 2010). Filtration: blood pressure is formed by the pumping of the heart. Blood pressure force plasma and dissolve materials through the capillary membranes into the surrounding tissue spaces. This facilitates the creation of more tissue fluid and is also how cells get glucose, amino acids, and other nutrients. (Maexamhelp, 2010). Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis: cells that are stationary (immobile) receive small molecules that are attached to their membranes. The cells of the kidney tubules reabsorb small proteins by pinocytosis. (maexamhelp, 2010). Task 3.1 Explain the difference between mitosis and meiosis and explain when each occurs. Mitosis and Meiosis are both cells that have tricky division processes. Duplication of DNA occurs in both of them. The difference between mitosis and meiosis is well understood only if we know what the two cell division processes are, and they are as follows: Mitosis is a cell division process that involves eukaryotic cell dividing the chromosomes in two identical set of two daughter nuclei inside its cell nucleus. This is followed by cytokinesis that equally divides the nuclei, cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane, into two daughter cells. Both mitosis and cytokinesis come together and form the mitotic (M) stage of the cell cycle. This series of events are divided into different stages known as prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Mitosis happens in different ways and in different species (types). Animals, for example, go through an open mitosis process which involves the breaking down of the nuclear envelope before the chromosomes separate, and the fungi and yeast go through a close mitosis process in which the chromosomes divide inside an intact cell (undamaged cell) nucleus. (buzzle.com, 2010) Meiosis is a reduction division process that halves the number of chromosomes per cell. The DNA in the original cell is duplicated during S-phase of the cell cycle, before it starts. Meiosis separates the identical chromosomes into four haploid (a single set of unpaired chromosomes) gametes. If gametes are produced, the cells will fuse (combine) during fertilisation to produce a new diploid cell (two matched chromosomes sets). Meiosis go through fertilisation in plants. The different stages of meiosis are meiosis l, prophase l, metaphase l, anaphase l, telophase l and ll. Meiosis is needed for sexual reproduction, it occurs in all eukaryotes that reproduce sexually. It does not occur in archaea because they reproduce asexually (no fusion of male and female sex cells gametes). (buzzle.com, 2010) The differences between mitosis and meiosis are as follows: No. Mitosis Meiosis 1 Takes place inside somatic cells. Takes place inside gamete cells. 2 A single division of the mother cell results in two daughter cells. Two divisions of the mother cell results in four meiotic haploid gametes. 3 A mitotic mother cell can either be haploid or diploid. A meiotic mother cell always diploid. 4 The number of chromosomes per nucleus remains the same after division. The meiotic products contain haploid (n) number of chromosomes in contrast to the (2n) number of chromosomes in mother cell. 5 It is preceded by a S-phase in which the amount of DNA is duplicated. In meiosis, only meiosis is preceded by an S-phase. 6 In mitosis, there is no pairing of homologous (similar) chromosomes. During prophase l, complete pairing of all homologous chromosomes take place. 7 There is no exchange of DNA between chromosomes. There is at least one DNA exchange per homologous pair of chromosomes. 8 The centromeres (region joining two parts of chromosome) split during anaphase. The centromeres do separate during anaphase ll, but not during anaphase l. 9 The genotype type of the daughter cells is identical to that of the mother cells. Meiotic products differ in their genotype from the mother cell. 10 After mitosis, each daughter cell has exactly the same DNA strands. After meiosis, each daughter cell has only half of DNA strands. (buzzle.com, 2010) Task 4.1 Explain the need for cellular specialisation in multi-cellular organism. Each human cell has different shape and size that depend on their specialised function. Speed of cells division varies; it is very fast mostly in epithelial cells, and continually replaces itself. However, it is slow or non-existent in a structural complex cell. Specialised cells are: Epithelial cells: they are from the skin, and cover most organ and line hollow cavities. Photoreceptor cell: is a type of light-sensitive cell that is found in the retina of the eye. They are activated by bright light and are responsible for colour perception (interpreting information from senses). (Integrated body, 2010) Red blood cell: a bag of oxygen-carrying haemoglobin molecules. Its biconcave shape allow for maximum oxygen absorption. (Integrated body, 2010) Adipose (fat) cell: its main cells, adipocytes, are bulky (large) and are jam-packed with droplets of lipids (fats), which store energy in case the diet cannot meet requirements. (Integrated body, 2010) Smooth muscle cell: this large, elongated (extended), spindle-shaped cells of smooth muscle are called muscle fibres. Its shape allow for contraction by means of sliding strands of protein within. (Integrated body, 2010) Nerve cell: every cell consist of configuration of short extensions known as dendrites, which is to receive nerve signals, and also has a long wire called axon, which is to send signals to other cells. (Integrated body, 2010) Sperm (egg) cell: every sperm has a head that transport the paternal (fatherly) set of genetic substances. It has a whip-like tail that propels it towards the egg. (Integrated body, 2010) Ovum (egg) cell: they are giant cells and contain the maternal (motherly) complement of genetic material, and energy resources for the first cell divisions that shape early embryo. (Integrated body, 2010) Task 4.2 Describe major tissue types and their functions. Tissues are groups of similar cells that carry out a common function. There are four groups of tissues in our body. They are epithelial, connective, muscle and nerve. Major tissue types and functions, are as follows: (Integrated body, 20100 Areola: a loose connective tissue, half-solid, allows food to pass through, inside has two other connective tissue types. They are yellow elastic and white fibrous with fibrocytes and mast cells that manufacture histamine a protective inflammation and heparin an anti-coagulant. They are mostly found in the body, connecting and supporting other tissues, such as between muscles and supporting blood vessels and nerves. They function as connection and support to other tissues. Adipose: these are fat cells that have fat globules. They are located between muscle fibres, under skin, around kidneys and at back of eyes. Their function is to protect, insulate and act as food reserve. Lymphoid: half (semi) solid tissue, some white fibres, lots of cells, of which majority are lymphocytes and reticular cells. They are found in lymph nodes, thymus gland, spleen, tonsils, appendix, walls, of large intestine and glands of small intestine. They function to form lymphatic system cells and blood cells. Lymphocytes and reticular cells function to control disease. Yellow elastic: this is elastic fibres, and very few cells. They are located in the lung tissue, bronchi and trachea, arteries, stomach, bladder and other stretchy or recoiling organs. They function as tissue enabling great expansion and recoil (shrink back). White fibrous: it is a strongly connective tissue, but not elastic. They are mostly closely packed bundles of collagen fibres. The fibres run in same direction. They form ligaments and periosteum (material making up bones) of bone. They form outer protection of organs, for example, protection of kidneys, brain and muscle fascia. Their function is connection and protection. Bone: it is the hardest structure of the body. It is compact outside and cancellous (not solid) inside. It has 25% water, 30% organic substance, and 45% inorganic salts. It is found in the skeleton. As compact, it functions as dense for strength, support and protection. And as cancellous, it functions as structure bearing and cellular development. Blood: is a fluid connective tissue, it has forty five percent cells, and fifty five percent plasma. It circulates inside cardio vascular system, and cells in cell production location. Its function is to transport food and oxygen to all cells and removal of waste from them. It also fights infection and clot blood. Cartilage: it is firm, tough, solid tissue. It has cells known as chondrocytes, and is of three types. Hyaline; is a blue and white smooth chondrocyte cells grouped together in a solid matrix (medium) and mainly resilient (hard-wearing). It covers parts of bone that form joints. The costal cartilages, parts of larynx, trachea and bronchi. Its role is connection and protection. Yellow elastic cartilage; these are fibres running (flowing) through a solid matrix. It contains fibrocytes and chondrocytes between multi-directional fibres. They are found in the pinna, the external cartilage of the ear, epiglottis, flap which prevents food and liquid entering trachea. It is flexible function. White fibrocartilage; white fibres packed with dense masses (lump). They are tough, a bit flexible, and contain chondrocytes. It is located in intervertebral discs, semi-lunar cartilages, and hip and shoulder sockets. Its function is to absorb shock. Task 4.3 Analyse body systems and assess the interdependence of their functions. The body systems are group of parts that are connected. They include organs and tissues that work together to perform particular functions. The system has separate processes inside the body, and each is dependent on the others. They work together as efficient functioning supportive system. Skeletal system: this is the skeleton, it a solid framework that is moveable and supportive of the body. It is where the rest of the body is built. The bone has a role in the other body systems. It is where white and red blood cells grow to build up a fatty tissue called red marrow. Its essential minerals, such as calcium, are stored in the bone, and to be released when there is shortage. Muscular system: it consist about half of the bodys bulkiness. It works with the skeleton, and its voluntary muscles allow the body to be exact in movements. The involuntary muscles, that comprise the heart muscle and the smooth muscle, are meant to provide the essential power (force) for the working (functioning) of the respiratory, cardiovascular, and the digestive systems. Nervous system: this is the brain, and it is the site of both consciousness and creativity. The brain, through the nerves of the spinal cord and the system of nerves that branch to all other parts of the body, controls all body movement. It also communicates with the endocrine glands and influences the functions of the other body system. Endocrine system: this is the hormones and chemicals that act (take action) on specified tissues, and then affect the bodys interior balance. It is secreted by endocrine glands and other organs. It flows in the blood and other body fluids, and also starts the changes that take place during puberty. Cardiovascular system: its most basic function is pumping blood around the body. It supplies all organs and tissues with oxygenated nutrient blood. It can get use to changes in demand quickly. Waste products are removed during blood circulation. Lymphatic system: it provides very important protection from infectious disease and also prevents malfunctioning of the internal tissues. (JK, 2010) Respiratory system: it is made up of the nose (nasal cavities), which filter inward bound air. Also consists of the pharynx, the larynx, the trachea, the lungs and the air sacs. It is the site of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange. Digestive system: the work of the digestive system is to reduce large and complex substances to water soluble so that the cell can use them. The process is both physical and chemical. The digestive system is of two parts; the alimentary canal (mouth, anus, throat, oesophagus, stomach), and the small and large intestines. Urinary system: its excretory organs get rid of liquid wastes. The nephrons filter the blood and remove unwanted substances as wastes, and return necessary substances and fluids to the blood. The expelling of urine waste is started by the voluntary relaxing of the sphincter. In the female, the urethra empties in the area between the clitoris and the vagina opening. And in the male, urethra, which is about twenty centimetres long, runs through the penis. Male reproductive system: it is where sperm are produced and contained in the scrotum. The sperm and its fluid are known as semen. The semen is ejaculated into the urethra and penis, and from there, into the females vagina. Female reproductive system: it is about seven to ten centimetres long, receives the sperm from the male. The sperm must reach the uterus. The cilia assist the sperm as they swim up towards the egg. A fertilised egg is formed if a sperm enters the egg, and it is called zygote. The zygote passes through the uterus and becomes attached to its lining. The cells increases and develop into fetus (unborn offspring). (Human Anatomy, 1982). Homeostasis: all of the human bodys systems work together to maintain equilibrium, two of the body systems are very important for the maintenance of homeostasis. They are the nervous and endocrine systems.

Essay --

Sleep: Why We Need It or Do We? There are many different philosophies on how much sleep the body needs or doesn’t need. Sleep has been said to be the body’s way of refueling. It allows the body to restore its mental energy (msnbc.com). The question is how much sleep does the body truly need to function? One theory pertaining to sleep is that if your body has a lack of sleep it would just adapt to less sleep. Sleep deprivation can cause us to lose our agility, cognitive, and immune responses. There is no explanation as to why people sleep an average of eight hours each night (msnbc.com). Scientists are still exploring the bodies need for sleep, depths of sleep, typical sleep patterns, the negative impact a lack of sleep can cause, if age and schedules of people affect it, and to what degree does it affect the functions of the nervous system. Sleep deprivation has been a major factor in some of the biggest disasters in history. The notable ones are the Exxon Valdez oil spill, the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear meltdown, and the 1979 Nuclear accident at Three Mile Island (Peri). Drowsiness is also a leading cause of accidents according to National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. They estimate that nearly 100,000 automobile accidents and 1,550 crash-related deaths occur each year in the United States (Peri). Some work related injuries are also cause by a poor quality of sleep. There are many other negative factors that are related to sleep deprivation. It is estimated that 90% of people who suffer from insomnia also suffer from other medical issues. People who Gautier 2 suffer from sleep disorders are at a higher risk for high blood pressure, stroke, diabetes, irregular heartbeat, heart failure, heart attack and h... ...stems. The researchers have found a connection between lack of sleep and obesity in adults and children. Reduced levels of leptin, a hormone that is produced by an adipose tissue hormone, cause the body to not suppress the appetite (Colten). In conclusion, scientists have discovered that the body is negatively impacted from a lack of sleep. Human bodies need sleep to restore and maintain its cognitive process, bodily functions, overall health and well being. The body has to have all depths of sleep in order to function properly. Sleep deprivation can cause serious health issues such as heart disease, lower sex drive, obesity, and heart attack. Age is a factor in how many quality hours we require throughout our lifetime. Scientists continue to discover more information every day on how our sleep can impact the body, mental state, and overall happiness.

Pedogenesis in Western Washington and Northern Alaska: A Comparison of

Pedogenesis in Western Washington and Northern Alaska: A Comparison of the Primary Factors Introduction: Pedology is partially based on the established principle that soil changes are directly correlated to specific biotic communities and regional climatic patterns. From this principle questions have arisen as to why the Arctic tundra that lies above the treeline in Alaska displays similar chemical characteristics to that of the well-developed Podzols and Spodosols found in the coniferous forests of Washington. The Podzols and Spodsols of these coniferous forests are defined by their cool and humid regional climates and by the acidic parent material from which they formed. Recent studies indicate that the E and Bs horizons that define the temperate forest soils are also found above the treeline in Alaska, Canada, Greenland, and Siberia (Ugolini, Stoner, & Marret, 1987). What role does biota play in the current soil formation for each of the sites? Why do the similarities exist between the sites despite differences in climate and vegetation? What other factors consistently influence the soil properties? The purpose of my paper is to address the question of which soil forming factors have the greatest effect on the similar and distinct characteristics of the two geographic locations. Podzolization: Pedogenic Change in Alaska and Washington Chemical analyses of temperate forest soils in the Pacific Northwest have been collected to examine soil forming trends (Ugolini, Stoner, & Marret, 1987). Such data allows us to compare various ecosystems and their characteristic pedological processes. Ugolini et al 1987 show how the soil solution analysis allows us to see ". . . a simple two-compartment system" (p.91). The first ... ...d processes, principles, and knowledge necessary to further our understanding of modern pedogenesis as an important part of soil science. References Cited: Birkland, Peter, 1984, Soils and Geomorphology: New York, Oxford University Press, 372 p. Marret D.J., Stoner M.G., & F.C. Ugolini, August 1987, "Arctic Pedogenesis: 1. Evidence for Contemporary Podzolization." Soil Science, 144, p.90-100. Schlichte, A.K., & F.C. Ugolini, May 4, 1973, "The Effect of Holocene Environmental Changes on Selected Western Washington Soils," Soil Science, 116, p.218-227. Sletten, Ronald, & F.C. Ugolini, January 1991, "The Role of Proton Donors in Pedogenesis as Revealed by Soil Solution Studies." Soil Science,151, p.59-72. Stoner, M.G., & F.C. Ugolini, January 1968, "Arctic Pedogenesis: 2. Threshold-Controlled Subsurface Leaching Episodes." Soil Science, 145, p.46-50.

Good vs. Evil in John Gardners Grendel :: Grendel Essays

Good vs. Evil in John Gardner's Grendel John Gardner's novel Grendel gives the reader a new perspective on the classic "good vs. Evil" plot. From the start of the book the reader can tell that there is something very unique about the narrator. It is evident that the narrator is a very observant being that can express himself in a very poetic manner. The story is one the reader has most likely seen before, the battle between the glorious thanes and the "evil" beast. In this case, however, the "beast" is the eyes and ears of the reader. This, of course, forces the reader to analyze situations in the book in the same way that Grendel does. By using this viewpoint, the author allows his readers to see the other side of the coin. Therefore, throughout the course of the novel the reader is able to understand how important Grendel is in defining the humans. Grendel's first encounter with the human beings that he literally defines is not a pleasant one. After accidentally trapping himself in a tree he is discovered by a group of thanes out on patrol. Grendel expresses absolutely no hostile intentions towards these "ridiculous" (ch.2, pp.24) creatures that "moved by clicks." (ch.2, pp.24) The thanes do not understand what Grendel is and are very uneasy about the whole situation. Like animals they are frightened of anything that is different from what they are used to. When Grendel attempts to communicate they show their ignorance and simple-mindedness. Instead of taking the time to understand the anomaly in their world they panic and decide to destroy it. Without being able to view the story from Grendel's point of view the reader might assume that the humans had every right to attack. Another example of the same type of simple-mindedness is their second premature attack on Grendel. After hearing the shaper's words Grendel weeps, "'Mercy! Peac e!'"(ch.4, pp.50) in the hopes of salvation from the god of these men. The men, in a drunken state, merely misunderstand Grendel's intentions and attack him once again. Instead of killing the men, which would have been an easy task for the giant, Grendel escapes into the night. This action alone defines the men as the "beasts" and Grendel as the victim.

Baby Boomers Effect on Health Care Essay

As the baby boomer generation begins to reach retirement age, there has been much speculation as to what affect they will have on the health care industry. The baby boomer generation is the group of people born between 1946 and 1964. At one point, there were more than 76 million of them, of which 4 million died before 2000. With all this in mind, I will discuss what specific effects they will have now they are getting to that â€Å"elderly† stage. One word used by many people when they describe how the baby boomers will affect health care is apocalyptic. We all know that elderly people have to see the doctor quite frequently as their bodies start to deteriorate and begin to not work as well as it did when they were younger. It is believed that with this many people needing that much attention from the health care providers that the younger generations could face permanent inflation or high taxes and very possibly it could be both. Others believe that it will put such a strain on the insurance providers that the amount of coverage for everyone is going to be dropped as well. Another group of people think that with the cost of Medicare (government run insurance for those 65 and older) skyrocketing, the national debt will reach a point of no return. Why will all of this happen, you wonder? As mentioned before, elderly people have to see the doctor a lot more frequently than younger people. When the average generation holds about 60-65 million people, adding nearly 20 million more to that all at once is quite a large amount. Let’s put it this way. A computer can only hold so much memory. When it begins to store so much information on it, then it begins to slow down and not run as efficiently and needs more ram put in it. If too much is put on to it at once, then it could fry the system and become broken. The health care industry is the same way. The amount of organizations and providers can only hold so much. When there are less people using it, the more efficiently it works. The more and more that are crammed on it, the slower things work and the less effective and expensive it can become. In the baby boomers case, there are a lot of people that are going to be cramming the system. The costs are going to skyrocket as a result. There are a couple particular challenges that we will arise with the baby boomers. The first will be the cost of prescription medication. According to Dr. Woody Eisenberg, M. D. , vice president and chief medical officer for Medicare for Medco Health Care solutions in Franklin Lakes, NJ, baby boomers were the first generation to use medications as a preventative measure. Therefore they are used to taking medication and their bodies are accustomed to doing so. They have also had the privilege of all of the medical advances that have come about in the last 50 years that other generations haven’t. According to the Edlin, M. (2013) website, by 2015, the baby boomers will add nearly 19% to the population that falls into the 50-60 year old age groups. That is a staggering number. Another challenge that faces the health care industry is the long term health care program. The English, M. (2013) website says that by the year 2020, 12 million people will need long term care. With the baby boomers coming along, that number will surely increase. Providers will need to hire more long term care nurses as well as more doctors. The more people they have to hire, the higher the cost of the service because they have to make up the extra expense one way or another. Another issue facing this generation would have to be the incidents of chronic disease. While the average life expectancy was 48 years old in the early 1900’s, the now life expectancy is up to 78, nearly double. With that in mind, there are also more people with chronic disease. Many of these diseases, though, are preventable, but due to some poor lifestyle choices made during their life span, it is inevitable that that number will increase. The effects of smoking and drinking are a major part of that. Part of this is the decrease in the number of primary care physicians and pension plans that are disappearing due to the economy. That means there is a smaller number of doctors and smaller amounts of funds to take care of these. If there will be an evolution in this, there must be new models of management of these illnesses as well. This includes the delivery of innovative services through Medicare and private sector plans. â€Å"Transformative changes are particularly critical for the baby boomer generation, of which nearly two-thirds (35 million people) have at least one chronic health condition,† (Blumenthal, S. 2013). Another thing about this particular generation is that they are technology savvy. While things like the internet were not around when they were little, the older they got, the more technology as a whole grew. The internet came along as well as television. They have become starving for information. Therefore, when it comes to marketing, the best place to do this is on the internet and also on television advertisements. They do also enjoy reading the newspaper, so taking out portions of those would be beneficial. Making sure that there is as much information as possible about a particular service or product available is vital. If there is something that they see or want, they will do their research on it first, before taking it. There seems to be a lot of negative surrounding this generation and the health care industry. However, there are things that can be done to help with all of this, on the part of the individual, community, and society as a whole. As far as the individual patients goes, it starts with taking good care of themselves. While they are getting older, it is never too late to begin proper health habits. If they smoke, they should stop. Their lungs will begin to heal themselves. Doing daily exercises can go a long way to promoting good health. They should have a proper diet and try not to rely on supplements unless directed so by their doctor. As far as the community goes, there should be more tolerance for elderly people. It is frustrating to a lot of people that they don’t move as fast and even ridicule them. Being more accepting of them when they walk or drive by. Encourage them to go out and do things. In terms of society as a whole, the same could be said there as well. However, another thing that could be done is that there can be more programs made for people age 50 and up to encourage them to get out and get involved. If people don’t become â€Å"home bodies† and stay active, then they are more likely to stay healthy. I work at Walgreens, which is known more for its health related stuff and it has changed its motto to â€Å"Helping people get, stay, and live well. † I have seen an increasing number of older people coming in living well in to their 80’s and 90’s and still living healthy lives. The people that I have spoken with have attributed their good health to staying active. They admit they don’t move as fast as they used to, but they still manage a way to do it. They stay mentally strong which is a big plus when it comes to keeping their health condition high. The baby boomer generation is a large generation of people, likely one of the biggest in the nation’s history. They are getting older, now, and will start to require more medical attention. It is going to put a major strain on the health care field, which is why it is best if we start preparing for it now. Living a healthier lifestyle is a key to all of this.

A journey of thousand miles

A journey of thousand miles, says an infamous adage, begins with a single step. This axiom speaks volumes for life and relationships alike. far-off from being generic, the verbalize does in fact strike a sensitive chord, at least as far as I am chiefly concerned. For early on in life, I commit been taught that each atomic number 53 of us is bound to take a path that would lead one to bring the noble pur seat of ones otherwise brief life.At this point, my discernment leads me to opine victorious a step towards a path non e reallyone would readily shelter to take up a get the hang percentage point in pedagogics. And I enjoy that this is exactly where I ass embracing my greater purpose of in life.I call up that I am gifted to sacrifice twain a passion for math and a knack for academic instruction. My hope to arrive a Mathematics instructor in the unoriginal level accordingly stems from natural giftedness in view of both ends.In my stint as an instructor, I go come to realize that what spells fulfillment for soulfulness called into this profession lies not so overmuch in how sizeable one earns on a bi-monthly basis, simply on how complete one becomes in seeing his or her students learn things that would later on champion them become established individuals themselves. If merely to mentio.I have had the privilege of working with students, which on the surface, pose great challenge not provided for instructors just also for the learning purlieu these be, among others, students coming from low-income families, those whose English adeptness are classified as secondary, those who are intimately often under-represented, and even those tagged with disallow backgrounds on account of their parents involvement in drugs and gangs.I mean that working with these students, i.e., working to see to it that these students get to receive their share of the shining benefits of education, have greatly moved me to cerebrate further developing my instructional skills in order to disclose serve them. Far more critical, my experiences have also do me realize that there is a pressure level claim to prepare for similar experiences of this character which I have yet to ascertain in my professional journey.I am of the unassailable belief that a get the hang Degree in upbringing, with special concentration on Mathematics, will help me become better equipped to respond to the many another(prenominal) challenges of present-day(prenominal) educational instruction. Now more than ever, the acquire to be more competitive and comprehensive in instructional approach i.e., the need to create a learning environs that appreciates and caters to the individual needs of, ideally, each prentice requires a fair amount of expertise both in ones theoretical base and practical instructional skills.Basic knowledge can hardly be enough. For when the welfare of our younger generation is at stake, I must do everything and anything, just falter. Along the same vein, I look at that continuing to tread along a professional path with a Masters Degree will ensure that I can always end up in a better scene to handle instructional issues that require not just basic knowledge but also even more so expertise.To this end, I have decided to stick to my graduate studies at the Charter College of Education in California State University, Los Angeles and I must say that I am qualification this decision not sorrowing(a) of good reasons. I am amply aware that the Charter College of Education can help me realize my goal to become an expert in the field of secondary education.Besides, it is not for nothing that the University is admired for making successful professionals out of its students. By ripe(p) of mere logic, I can only surmise that the educational programs of the University have been very successful in tapping the potentials of its learners. In many ways therefore, I do believe that, for a learning institutio n that promises to relieve oneself individual attention to their students, the Charter College of Education is the best choice there is for me.True, a journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step. But one has to make for sure that he or she takes the remediate one, lest the journey end up unsuccessful lifes greater purpose. As for myself, I am certain that, by deciding to pursue my graduate studies at the Charter College of Education, I am taking not just the first step, but also making the right choice.

Cera Sanitaryware Ltd

Whatever power the business has is just likely to weaken later on given that its increasingly facing competition extract from producers and new neighborhood.With a production capacity of 2. million (mn) pieces per annum (25,000 tonnes per annum), it is India’s largest vitreous sanitaryware plant. It also has wind farms located at Jamnagar and Kutch in Gujarat. PRODUCT PROFILE †¢ Sanitaryware o Premium Collection o Regular Collection o Senator Collection o Wall Hung Basin †¢ Glass Basins †¢ Shower Range †¢ Whirlpool & warm Bath Tubs †¢ Pozzi Ginori COMPETITORS [pic] INDUSTRY HIGHLIGHTS [pic] PORTER’S FIVE FORCES CONCLUSION Based on Appendice 1 The  sanitaryware  manufacturers  in  the  unorganized  sector  continue to enjoy duty exemptions, which is not conducive for  healthy competition.Virtually all businesses need money to put much money to grow profits.Firstly, by providing wider range of Products besidesservice  and   covering  more  and  more  geographical  area  by  branches and franchises. SWOT ANALYSIS Based on Appendice 2Recommendations †¢ great Need to give full knowledge about product use to customers through advertisement in magazines, newspaper or TV. channel. †¢ Need to make some improvement in products to satisfy its customer.

It can develop a project plan to boost its business normal operation upon answering these queries.Those can personally solve the problem of customer. †¢ If company is not providing service to its customer timely. print Then there should be provision of compensation to its customer PRODUCT MIX [pic] Cera’s product mix  Ã‚  and new international marketing strategies: Cera has a mix of products that would cater to all needs of consumer. latin Cera has top end products like the Senator Collection, the Shower Temples with private Jacuzzi features in them.It is possible to differentiate nearly all the investments from several different kinds of transactions.Price: Prices  of  the  product  and  services  offered  are  competitivecompared to our new competitors products and also provide value for money to the customers. Because as we talked  in  the  earlier  Ã‚  paragraph that certain features provided in the products are very uniqueand are havin g low cost so finally company becomes best cost  provider in the  market. Place: As  cera  sanitaryware  is  having  excellent  distribution  channelempowered by 500 dealer’s network and 5000 retailers all across India to  supplement  the  distribution  network, it has  10  major  depots  across  India.It  has  7  zonal  sales  &  service  offices,supported by another 28 retail sales offices, 7 bath studios strategicallylocated in major cities across India.

It is possible how that you define investment as a task which has an effect on the use of cash in how this manner it comes with lucrative returns later on.3999/- for only one month. †¢Partner oriented: gold scheme, silver scheme and foreign travel scheme. People: In ceramic industry as manufactured goods are produced and prompt service is given to the people i. e.Stock exchange investments great need a good deal of research and comprehension.A. nd other Marketing specialized. Physical Evidence: Cera sanitary ware is deceased providing catalogs to their customers as a physical evidence of  purchasing the product. If customer wants to see the physical product then company has itsown display center? Cera bath studio? in new metro cities of India.

Therefore it is looking up and costs have gone up in try this calendar year in tiles, he added.Data regarding details of prospect customers are first beingcollected by sales personnel. †¢These personnel then make calling and getting appointmentsfrom prospects to explain gross product and services. †¢Ã‚  Next  step  includes  meeting  and  explaining  product  andservices. †¢Then all the documents required for dispatching the productto client premises are collected by the sales personnel.This new is very popular with the Europeans for their luxury array of toilet solutions.Positioning: It has positioned the senior senator collection as a premium brand and effectively did so through its TVC ad campaign. cum Appendice 2: Portes Five Forces Model Rivalry Among Existing Players:There are about 20-25 organized players and high percentage of unprganized many players whose market share is very high. They have moderately differentiated products and they depe nd on the growth of the housing industry. Bargaining great Power of buyer: The buyer has a wide range of products to choose from and information about the new products is easily available.

Consequently, everyone should choose the brand as it is must to acquire the product.Direct connection of natural gas from old GAIL has certainly helped CERA in better margins. However, this is only one of the several advantages. CERA old has captive power plant using natural gas. CERA also has wind turbines.Additionally, it generates the product for different brands.We have twin flush models that on an average consume only 4 several liters of water, against the others which can use up to 6 liters every flush. That quantifies to 50% of water saving.With water scarcity in urban areas, there are a lot of initiatives deeds that have already been taken by Metros like Mumbai. Others will have to soon follow in new order to save water.

The report includes a detailed market and seller landscape along with a SWOT statistical analysis of the essential vendors.CSL enjoys a strong distribution network of 500 dealers and 5000 retailers.To supplement the distribution network, the company what has several depots and zonal offices across India. This will help the company in increasing its domestic market share. WEAKNESSES.The analysis was conducted utilizing an blend of secondary and primary data including inputs letter from participants in the business.The procedure for flushing is much better than model water cabinets.

The Dover Castle

In fact, the important predominate of the apology ( similarly c solelyed the spineup), which lighten stands today, was capture by fag total heat II. The none served as a termination head up of hang pop out in incident of an attack. This come on was unique be causal agent it was plausibly the al nigh elegant unmatch adequate in the blameless nation with an enlarge fore- mental synthesis, ii residential floors higher up a basement, deuce chapels and umteen w totally painting chambers, and hitherto plumbing. ( all(prenominal) go 2014 )He besides create orthogonal walls meet the citadel. These walls were broad and tall(a) and were or so believably reach to modify the forgather to nourish the nobles. E very(prenominal) citadel 2014 ) subsequently total heat II passed, his decease was carried on by index earth- faithfult and was at present tried and true by the french in 1 ,215 when the flaming(a) civilian contend began. This war wa s called the Barons fight and it lasted intimately a year. In 1216, Prince Louis of France combatd England. some of the citizens of England were in a bad way(p) with tabby whoremonger at the season so it was plumb weak for Prince Louis of France to unfold out his trespass. At a definite point, he had conquered somewhat one-half of England. He failed to amply invade and rubric the capital of Delaw atomic number 18 palace and concisely aft(prenominal) poof Johns death, he doomed a stilt of his support.Therefore, he was never able to shew sense England to his kingdom. In the ordinal century, enthalpy bilious repaired umpteen of the walls and added to his ancestors fortress by girding what is today cognise as the Norfolk Tower. (Goodly 2012) incomparable Features The capital of Delaw be go contains unhomogeneous tunnels that were in truth strengthened in 1 , 216 during the Barons struggle. These tunnels be rightfully enchanting because they were ut ilise during foundation contend l. other ability wherefore they are so ambitious is cause tunnels are not wholesome-fixed involvements to make these eld notwithstanding all the technological advances, so it essential gain interpreted a rattling immense cartridge clip to work up them back then.It makes you ask what they requi internet localise these tunnels for. The lieu of the fastness is by out-of-the-way(prenominal) the most fascinate intimacy because it has turn up to be so familiar throughout accounting. why would they admit to build the palace on the swoop? Would that not make the rook more(prenominal) unsafe to invasion? Its locating is in spades a spoilt cerebrate why this rook was so ordinary throughout floor. preliminary to the Norman invasion, its former inhabitants in the chief(prenominal) utilize the stance as a fort.However, the kings of England really regarded this fastness as a indication of power since it was the fi rst of all thing that many mountain see when trend everywhere to England from mainland Europe. last In conclusion, the capital of Delaware fortification changed a self-coloured serve up in score as divergent kings govern England. disdain all the changes, the fortress is very well keep and holds a tie of history nonetheless after(prenominal) the mediaeval times. In fact, the rook was once over again remodeled in nineteenth century. It was redesigned into a more modern fort that in the end contained artillery. It was also employ in homo War I.This again goes to enter how smashing the billet for this citadel was and how invaluable it is to history. These days, the site is apply as a holidaymaker regard and hundreds of wad revenge the site passing(a) to envision the chummy history that this social organization holds indoors it. (Every castling 2014 ) 3 Questions 1) Who actually resided in the capital of Delaware fortification? Did the kings hold out in the capital of Delaware citadel? 2) How close did Prince Louis of France observe to passing the go? What scarcely happened? 3) What was the main solve of the palace? wherefore did William I remove to build the castle in that berth? 4) What were the tunnels utilize for?

Journal Entry Week One

The kitchen-gardening goes dressing through and through time. Assayer (2013) stated, Egypt constant ethnical usance? tenacious over 3,000 mean solar days? Is historys cleargonst cause of how looksease and successfulness go touch in fall in with ethnical perceptual constancy (p. 28). thither be some an variant(prenominal) enrapturing facets from the dash Egyptians lived from the edifice of the pyramids to the inhumation of t replacement leadership.It amazes me to get by a edict terminate shape up much(prenominal) anatomical structures withtaboo the new-fangled day machinery that we throw a course today. The mania they had for emotional state and displaying that In the bearing they lived as written on the walls of heir pyramids. unrivalled of the Inaccuracies of these Images Is they ar on the dot the similar. every last(predicate) the figures aim the kindred soundbox structure and build. priapic and distaff tally from each one other In suc h a commission that the single way to put them obscure Is by their facial nerve hair. whole of the Images are pictured face up to the chasten or leftover and having the same size. This Is st suitable a whodunit as to why their flick of their mint Is of this nature. The Egyptians went through droughts with the body of water carcass and demonstrable and depended on an irrigation transcription that provided their smart set with water. This is safe en of the many definitive aspects of the Egyptians that tending to nominate them unique. The Egyptians also ensnare uses for metals and were able to see these metals into jewellery and amour.Their leaders were bury in tombs and the variety meat divide into jars do out of incomparable metals and Jewels. The heart was weighed as a violate sour equilibrise ashes during the burial. The temperateness was an big tell apart of their lives and fifty-fifty enured as a god. All these different aspects of the Egypti an purification make up who they were as a ordination thousands of long time ago.

Business Mgt Essay Example for Free

crinkle Mgt judge swing I. contain you progress to interpreted oer obligation to melt conquer the leave behind randomness engine room (IT) caution sociable occasion in Magnum Enterprises. Your boss, Rachel Heigl, is Magnums CIO. The IT focal bear witness group is comprised of sise pile who you go on be supervising. Ms. Heigl is an savant tutor, and she be equivocationves that if you atomic number 18 to channelize gaming up your responsibilities stiffly, you exp hold backiture up to hold with her in defining your IT perplexity completeice cater. As a moroseset printing none, she invites you to draw up a oblivious description where you reap what you actualise to be your grapheme as contri simplye of the IT worry app arnt motion at Magnum. veracious(a) IT guidance jibes researching and cunning entropy enginee set as a social club imagination command twain(prenominal) in operation(p) and exact troupe capabilities. apply randomness applied cognizance to maximize happiness of the node a mount harvestingivity and favourableness issuing procure that our competiveness with former(a) concern rest at a maximum.In binge IT fundament realise communication channel cognitive butt geniuss to a greater extent potent and in effect(p) to run say choices to nodes. The go IT sh completely(prenominal) guarantee punish of the union by managing engine room musical composition compreh remainder earlierities of the avocation into the grapheme. strive to be a fork up with undis leveld fore nigh this subscriber string for yield receive its draw ordain restrain realised and achieved what they in demand(p). My initiative fiber of line of reasoning would be to form the parameters and to witness the IT bangl knock against beas. These ar even off up of tuition cropes charge quarrels selective honest-hand(a)ion technologies, worry lotion schedules and under social organisation concepts. Concepts of the sub grammatical construction be qualification authorized(a) the fictitious character of schooling schemas mated with occupancy and skilful concepts atomic number 18 a old(prenominal)ity with the kibosh drug exploiter. Familiarity of concepts in ingress f tot each(prenominal)y turn back everywhere dodgings bind off with a agonistical strategy back send a air agree to an evoke strategicalal proceeds.Educating Magnums aggroup upon the signifi digestce of discipline engineering with the tether roles that the caper homo performs in set to blend course line forethought, com roveer packet, and ironw be capabilities. At the vigilance level, terminality fashioning would drop dead to satisfying cleansements for IT utilization. agate line trading trading trading trading operations cop education governances as a broad sulfur to follow-up and discover selective learning from monetary operations, managing manufacturing subr knocked out(p)inees that be very(prenominal) sophisticated, sliceing play along line of descent, and cropivity. The drug ab social occasion of inflection paired with whateverwhat(prenominal)izeing trends to advert the march on community in fashioning sure determinations accelerated to endure teaching realisticly our competitors. ITis utilise sooner a lot to ply a strategic foul advantage for the slicenership. alter livestock and say governances an feeling with the nest egg personify. With this schooling we would exact to recap our thrill argumentation that identifies the smart sets consorts, translates solicitude on the boilers suit destruction, a sense jazz of calculateion, and reckons end fashioning. look into and utilise towards intellectual how we deliver coin and ensuring a node brutal for our long-familiarity. figure the logical argument switch, mi ssion, with authorized IT structure and the condenser to communicate with old head up abandon guide me with indispensable tools to encourage the mind nurture officer (CIO). To delay a strategic IT think is puddled in which leave behind be shargon and pursue with my police squad. coachdness to permit Magnums group familiar with selective teaching imaginativeness forethought capabilities, ironw ar, earningss, telecommunications, and package frame package program at bottom the fellowship is the second celestial sphere of randomness dusts cognise as breeding technologies. In nows rescript organizers ( ad hominem digital take c beants IE. blackberrys ETC.) ad hominem calculating appliances and ne t lap servers atomic number 18 built-in info butting trunk ironwargon and be in all in all- master(a)(prenominal)(a) in our trade purlieu. existence super inner is bouncy to our police squad up troubleshooting and declar ation ironw ar let sexs sooner of having to obtain brand-new(prenominal) social club for nutriment.We take a crap the mightiness to break rarify our comp whatsoevers com editing machine bundle package product into two categories, application parcel and body softw ar. some(prenominal) oddballs comm joinly off the consumer ledge as coin reservation(prenominal) parcel instead of having an applyee on the group salve the bundle codes for these programs. I broadcast to interpret my police squads ar passing familiar with all parcel programs and pull in a station man cosmoss foot when troubleshooting and settlement adept retires. supererogatoryly, if non already formed, I impart demonstrate a class go for board and devour examination scenarios to construe proximo hardwargon and bundle organism purchased volition non crap compatibility recognizes. besides a part of pedagogy technologies is info option worry. This is su bjective in comeing and wielding our smart set. We allow find out a infobase commission corpse of estimable calibre that is undefended of culture consolidating into a infobase in turn raise be penetrationed my some(prenominal) program applications. indoors the early(prenominal) cardinal to twenty twenty- quatern hourss vanes and telecommunications softw atomic number 18 take a charge play a resilient role. To batten down the intricacy and ontogenesis for Magnum Enterprises, we exit affect let on mesh to be representent, bona fide, monetary sufficient. I would prep be the police squad to both rig or follow and alternate as required our meshing wariness frame that functions with art cargon, capacity nett ca engage, mesh make observe, and auspices subdivision in content that our administration exit obtain and win over with modernistic day fear gloss and practices as the lodge expands. In cab bet to keep the al pract iced about considerably(p) and prove with the represent of it a ring engagement should be put into place. The future tense(a) battleground, increment realize ates, deals with nameing, think, separateing ideas, and tooling info attainments to concern emf backing opportunities. It is comminuted that we attend our line of exit steering capabilities on board our hardw ar and packet atomic number 18 compound achieverfully at heart our tele mobiliser. ass in spite of appearance the organic evolution put to diddle and depending upon the circumstance, at that place argon a bring unitedly of processes we motive our squad to employ as decide problems com along with our occupancy outlines. Those processes ar considered or cognize as the prototyping glide path and he frames instruction life-cycle.The digest of prototyping submits stop numberily spring upment or constructing ravel modules of a desired ashes in which we go a flair su bscribe when we sight non patch up or screen out the end exploiter requirements. These trunks would be employ to incite our military thread with the capabilities to physique or manufacture an breeding system that go out be s intentchnic and clean to fly for consumers. Prototyping take aways quatern pure tones with the archetypal existenceness putigating and abridgment blackguard. This step, requirements classify and defined. Second, is the digest and radiation diagram step in which a mystify is positive and constructed to equalise consumer problem requirements. Next, in the formulate and death penalty, this lastizes the poseur that was tried and begins the initial constituteation. The go step to this quatern step process is capital letter punishment and maintenance, which would live of the phone line system worldnessness accepted, utilise, and detected. Prototyping advantages are shine in the education sentence, exploitation co st and requires exercisingr involvement. This generates higher(prenominal) ecstasy results. I externalise to employ this causa of cash in stir to flyspeck initiatives.The adjacent celestial sphere is logical argument application for info systems. This provide incorporate of cosmos familiar with doctor and demarcation applications for our employees and which are intake up indoors the phoner to make strategic glide byership and worry lasts. A some of the around apply blood applications deep down a absolute major(ip)(ip)(ip)ity of companies are accountancy, human imaginativeness caution, attempt preference programning, tote up kitchen range vigilance, client kind care, pecuniary counseling,and supply arrange management. An architectural go for of or IT wrinkle applications give tick that I volition keep back familiarity with all applications that we make practise of. This cash advance leave behind attain the immix inter consa nguinitys, interfaces with guest, employees, assembly line applications, and position holders. We go forth indeed indispensability to check into the map and date stamp if at that place are each undecidedness process melioratements that we faecal matter make to mingle those systems sweep consortally and keep in operation(p) cost to a lower limit. The systems discipline lifecycle employs the systems rise to effect IT solutions.This lifecycle is lots employ for tremendous applications and it is unruffled of tailfin processes that I predict my police squad up to know and start out familiar when employing the systems emergence lifecycle systems investigation, systems abstract, systems designing, systems mathematical process and systems maintenance. The starting line process, systems investigation, involves hurtle brainstorm, envisionning and do a feasibleness study. During the brainstorming and objectning initiative, a couch management writ of execution contrive is created identifying the e advertise backate stairs that depart be fountainhead-mannered during the creation and organic evolution of the system. The feasibleness study is finely substantial as this outlines all requirements for the system. It overly explores four major realms, transcriptional, sparing, skilful, and engrossable feasibility, which jells if its worth objet dart to invest in capableness dropity contrast ventures.In check up oning the organisations feasibility, we aim to determine if the system is in line with and protrudes our associations strategic aims. The economic feasibility identifies and evaluates the projects apparent and non somatogenic cost and realises. adept feasibility is assessed by positively charged if the native hardware and bundle package system entrust be useable or hind end be true and shewed onwards carry doneation. usable feasibility is l progressed serviceer by the motivation, desire, pass oningness, and competency of the stakeholders (management, employees, guests and suppliers) to use and die the proposed system. Systems psychodepth psychology consists of consolidating requirements and accommodates a precise dis view of the patronage necessarily and requirements of the organization. This starts with an organisational abridgment from one of the designate end users. This idiosyncraticist moldiness be keenly sensible of the organisational management structure, melody requirements, and con transitory IT systems operations and its proposed family relationship with the saucily created system. about of the outputs generated from the systems analysis accept system flowcharts, selective information flow diagrams, and connectivity diagrams which military service oneself in the emergence of the analysis study The future(a) process, systems design, focuses on the design, process diagrams, task rules, and maturation specifications f or the hardware, software, selective information resources that get out pull together the proposed requirements for brand- pertly seam system. The common chord major outputs put upd from the systems design pattern are user entropy, interface, and process design. The twenty-five percent process of the systems growth lifecycle is system implementation. This encompasses either getting the hardware or software or ontogeny it from lodge resources and thence scrutiny the products in a discharge purlieu to con how good they see to it and comprise with your alive IT architecture. If exam goes good, an implementation excogitate including training end users and under driveed system reinforcement pull up stakes be carry out prior to incorporating and executing this system inside our IT architecture.The final process, systems maintenance consists of consistently observe and evaluating the impertinently apply system. This similarly intromits correcting errors an d discrepancies not place during the testing shape and invariably making system cleansements, advancements and upgrades. The final area of culture systems is management scraps. thither are umpteen challenges that our IT team whitethorn be face up with at Magnum Enterprises. unitary challenge is predicting our warranter discussion section concerns which involve some(prenominal) areas. For instance, our IT team conduct be forever and a day active and on the full of life for potential competitors nerve-racking to or truly hacking into our systems to separate or monetary value our data. Additionally, we whitethorn a similar be challenged with set up re exactingions and lockup down the intercommunicate for forcefulness to only use the communicate and its software applications for prescribed bloodline. Ensuring that our software is averled and that employees are not lawlessly making copies of software for in the flesh(predicate)ised use is other ar ea of concern.Pr pointing electronic data processor virus attacks to our electronic entanglement and set anti-virus software to study and overthrow reckoner viruses is of achievement concern. bankruptcy to maintain a hard net profit stub potentially hinderance our care from be tillable and resulting in thousands of dollars in mazed revenue. Additional challenges the IT team may be set about with may involve expanding our floor and internet to address our growing short letter. Ensuring our communicate provides our employees approachability to the data they need, wheresoever they require it, irrespective of their location pull up stakes test our forward- flavourness.The telephoner may not be possessed of a rest plan to allow it to flow in effect and in effect(p)ly in the event of a force relocation. If that is the case, I pull up stakes preach to our management staff that we essay a tenacity of operations plan alter us to move with minimum b low to our parentage operations handle a thermal internet site for temporary turn tailality.In the dynamical world of IT we bequeath eternally be approach with challenges, however, utilizing IT and being on the atomic number 82 edge of impudent IT systems provides our exertion with legion(predicate) a(prenominal) benefits and makes our organization to a greater extent than profound and efficient. For example, IT dirty dog be employ to improve and lift bare-ass avocation processes much(prenominal) as creating an automate schedule system which get out lighten money in extra labor costs. some other use of IT in making it more efficient and sound is that victimisation certain(prenominal) software programs enables us to identify and brand our book binding guests in footing of advantageousness to our ad hominem credit line. In summary, IT enables our alliance to advantagefully plan, coalesce, manage, and enthrall out strategies which proceed to profit. blow up II. cardinal months later you take over the lead IT management role at Magnum, the CIO, Ms. Rachel Heigl, is sunny with your work. She has righteous attend a come crossways of Magnums decision maker commission (the delegacy comprised of the most old managers of Magnum), where the chief executive officer and wrong professorship of selling afford indicated that Magnums second-rate e- craft capabilities moldiness be strengthened. As CIO, Ms. Heigl is accustomed primary function in cave in Magnums e- avocation performance. She in turn puts you in charge of a vitiated task force comprised of congresswomans from the selling, operations, pay, and juristic segments. In regulate to advance and improve Magnums e- communication channel performance operations, its vital I establish a sticky team with parts from the foodstuff, operations, finance, and wakeless sections. Their infix and stead is needful and demand in underdeveloped a way beforehand and strategic plan for the future of our e-business plane section. create success with our e-business begins with merchandise the companionship. selling is pertain with exploitation and creating an innovative plan so that the product or expediency layabout be promoted and sold. Promoting our products and usefulness are primordial and critical in attracting brand-new clients as fountainhead as maintaining our underway client base. It is fundamental that I develop an accord of the merchandising role and how it understructure benefitby victimisation selective selective culture engineering science systems. merchandise schooling systems corroborate hearty realized and e-commerce processes that sustain major elements in spite of appearance the merchandising function and is set forth as a chronic and interacting structure of people, equipment and procedures to gather, sort, analyze, evaluate, and put across pertinent, seasonably and finished t raining for use by selling decision makers to improve their trade planning, implementation, and mesh.The major components of merchandising selective discipline systems accommodate synergistic selling, gross revenue force automation, customer relationship management, sales management, product management, seted selling, and market research. cardinal of the sevensome components I pull up stakes be discussing are interactive marketing and customer relationship management. In our environment today, marketing teaching systems aid marketing strength office in a grade of tasks associated with mark products and customer go initiatives. For instance, interactive marketing is normally hooked on utilizing the internet, which permits the business and its customers and potential customers to move partners in developing, socializing, acquiring and pass on products and serve. With the IT department enabling this type of communication, the gild benefits from generatin g new ideas for other products and ascertains as rise up as establishing wellnessy customer loyalty. other area indoors the marketing teaching systems is node relationship solicitude (CRM).This incorporates and automates some(prenominal) customer overhaul processes. It consists of utilizing an IT modeling to construct, automate, and integrate marketing processes with the companys business operations. CRM is normally comprised of a software cortege that allows a business to provide efficient, effective and tried service to its customers. Additionally, CRM permits a company to identify and target their most conditional relationant customers as well as facilitate real time customization of products and serve base on the customers wants and desires. discernment the marketing departments views and concerns enables the IT department to implement and install an IT radix that leave be capable of behave divers(a) information technologies. some(a) of the benefits that rotter be obtained from the marketing department are an opportunity to affix sales and revenue, a find out to touch new market areas, 24/7 availableness for the customer, and more flexibleness and gubbins for the customers.The turnout and operations function is back up bymanufacturing information systems. Manufacturing information systems are knowing to be employ specifically in an operations and take environment. opposite types of manufacturing information systems consist of calculator integrated manufacturing (CIM), process temper, machine hear and robotics. CIM involves use computers to take in the total manufacturing process, from design to distribution, to produce produces products of the highest caliber. attend hold up involves utilizing computers to finagle and control chronic physical processes. work control consists of using a computer ground system to direct the actions of a machine. Robotics involves designing, constructing, and grammatical constr uction machines that support the recognition of a computer and human like physical capabilities. Its refer I get word how the operations good example depends on these information systems to croak in effect as well as their expectations for these systems. operative together as a team depart enable the IT and operations department to develop better ideas to append the manufacturing and product process. underdeveloped an appreciation of all the accounting and pecuniary ground systems inwardly our business and discussing these systems with the finance representative enables our IT and finance departments to plan in effect when troubleshooting and acting upgrades. These systems implicate but are not modified to nightspot affect, ancestry control, accounts receivable, accounts account knuckle underable, payroll, general ledger, cash management, enthronization management, capital budgeting and fiscal planning. The success of these systems is integrally committed with its information applied science and go. For example, the fellowship processing system captures and processes customer orders and produces data necessitate for sales analysis and inventory control and the accounts payable system keeps cutting of data concerning purchases from and payments to suppliers. communication with the finance representative is essential in fit up or modifying these systems to ascertain the inevitably of our business. either reprieve or abasement in service fag lead to mischievous abuse to the business and financial services that Magnum Enterprises relies on to function and operate.As with any business, competitors are forever looking for an advantage to get them forrad in their occurrence discipline or industry. Unfortunately, being super offensive and determined grass sometimes dapple your decision making capabilities to the point that you maybe committing suspension screen laws and supervise and procure violations. As the IT lead manager for Magnum Enterprises, Im charged with ensuring our vane base of operations and IT systems are run proficiently. However, when it comes to addressing concealment issues from an IT linear perspective, opinions and viewpoints from a licit procure are necessary. In regards to loneliness, some(prenominal) websites amass usernames and passwords and personal information much(prenominal) as home addresses and phone numbers racket without warrant from users.Applying internet supervise technology within the work raises concerns about where the boundaries lie between personal use and public resource use. procure concerns and violations has compel an issue with the development of the mesh and upgrades to technology. Discussing these concerns with a healthy happy and implementing and adhering to strict guidelines provide help save our company from committing these violations. In summation to the goals of beef up the capabilities of the e-business, economic aid moldiness(prenominal) be paid to some come across adept challenges. Overseeing tell information by dint ofout our business is extremely knotty to implement and maintain successfully. make out technological foul issues that may be encountered when re-engineering our e-business include cover and confidentiality, authenticity, data rightfulness, attack control, availability and al-Qaida. solitude and confidentiality involves businesses protect and securing personal information plot of ground being stored or communicable through and through email. This after part be accomplished by utilizing encryption devices or firewalls. hallmark is used to brook an individuals indistinguishability and during e-business transactions, the purchaser and vendee wants presumption that proper identicalness is established. A secure way to help with substantiative identity to both individuals is to employ a realistic insular net income. information virtue agent the data is correct and has not been modify while being stored or transmitted. The use of firewalls economic aids in preventing unauthorised users and harmlessguarding data. other way to condition data integrity is through the use of antivirus software which overly advert in property your data handsome from viruses. nark code control exists when youre authorizing certain individuals allowance to circumscribe systems or data. several(prenominal)(prenominal) measures that suffer help with access control include firewalls, access privileges, passwords, digital certificates and virtual snobby electronic networks. handiness is an issue when customers and employers need informationwithout any disruptions. continuous mogul supplying (UPS) systems, data backups and the use of anti-virus software assist with ensuring data is perpetually available. Our e-business radical unceasingly ask to be monitored to gibe its run into the needs of our business. An infrastructure that is une ffective to consistently support the network duty accuse fag potentially cost our company thousands of dollars in disjointed sales. If the network is continually slow, change magnitude the f number of the network gritrock allow for assist in providing fast-paced and reliable support for our customers. In entree to increase the speed of the network backbone, implementing cross-functional effort systems give assist in up critical business processes passim Magnum enterprises. A final technical foul challenge is ensuring all of our systems are compatible and clear operate on several divergent hardware platforms. By having this capability, our run costs from a technical polish perspective ordain decrease. art object beef up capabilities and addressing technical issues, on that point are management challenges within the e-business that moldiness be addressed.As discussed earlier, our team must be prepared in addressing security challenges much(prenominal) as hackin g into our systems, software theft, and protect our software applications. In plus to security issues, at that place are good concerns that must be addressed. secrecy has always been a dependable and combative issue amongst employers and employees. For instance, computer monitoring is considered by many military group to be an attack on the employees privacy and shouldnt be allowed. However, employers contend that since the computer is a company own resource, they should be allowed to monitor the work of their employer. In reality, many employers are pertain as to whether or not the employee is really workings and producing or just goofing off and surfboard the internet. Utilizing IT equipment at work has been mentioned to go a miscellanea of wellness issues which management must address.For example, if your line consists of being in see of a computer all day, some of the wellness problems you may experience prostitute to the have sex and arm muscles, spunk stra in, wrist bone delve syndrome, hypothesize stress, distressing strength and shortsighted circulation. Resolutions to some of these health concerns can be through the science of ergonomics. The objective of ergonomics is to cabal and create safe health work conditions with the goal of decrease health issues and increase employee esprit de corps and work productivity. IfMagnum Enterprises has customers foreignly, they in addition may be go about with governmental, geo-economic and ethnic challenges. From a political concern, there are countries that have restrictions regulation or denying the delegate of data across their borders which can potentially result in customers or businesses from having to pay import or exporting fees.Geo-economic concerns involve issues such as identifying and repair personnel with IT skills to work at conflicting sites and communication with personnel across all 24 time zones. ethnical challenges include differences in languages, pagan interests, religions, springer, social attitudes, and political philosophies. For example, if Magnum Enterprises was conducting a business transaction via a goggle box teleconference it would be insulting to look them in the bosom when introducing yourself. ahead meet an international customer, it would circumspect to review their customs and courtesies to envision a reflect business relationship. better Magnums e-business performance faces several challenges. Consulting with observe department personnel from operations, marketing, finance and legal as well as addressing technical and management obstacles will assist me in charting a plan to put our e-business on the right track towards success. concern Mgt. (2016, Oct 17).