Christmas tree Essay

Art is an object or piece of work that brings one pleasure. Art is also something you see or feel and you cannot even begin to describe the ways you like it or how it makes you feel. Art is something that portrays beauty and happiness. Art lets you see the world through another person’s perspective. Most art seems to tell a story about where a person has been and the things they have encountered along the way. It lets you connect with the artist and see things through their eyes. Art is a way of expressing one’s self without words. When I think of art, I think of paintings, portraits, sketches, and sculptures. I know there are many other forms of art, but my favorite form is painting. I normally respond first to the mood of the art and the idea it brings to mind. I like art that makes me feel happy. Second I would say I respond to the colors in the art. I like warm and soothing colors. I prefer scenery in art work. I like paintings of autumn, filled with warm oranges and yellows in the trees, country roads covered with fallen leaves. Those kinds of paintings make me feel warm and happy. One of my favorite autumn scenes is by Robert A Tino, a local artist in Sevierville, TN. It is called Autumn Psalm. It is a small country church setting just off of a country road lined with trees. The trees in the painting are almost bare, and the beautiful autumn leaves are scattered on the ground. This painting gives me a sense of peace and happiness. The content of art is not quite as important to me as the way it makes me feel. I love works of art that portray a place that I have been or know. It is nice to see something you are familiar with from another person’s perspective. For instance, Harrisburg Holiday, another great work of art by Robert A Tino. It is a painting of a covered bridge that I am very familiar with, but he has painted it as he saw it in 1975. It is a beautiful winter scene. He paints the roads covered with snow and an old red Chevy truck hauling a Christmas tree. The scene has two snowmen at the entrance to the covered bridge. It fills your heart with warmth and holiday spirit just to look at it. Portraits to me are art in a different sense. Some of my favorite portraits are by Martin Waugh. It is what he calls Liquid Sculpture. He uses high speed photography to capture drops of liquid as the splash into lakes and other bodies of water. To me there is just something so soothing about his work. It is amazing how a tiny drop of liquid can create such a beautiful work of art. His work impresses me, because I never really thought of liquid as art before I saw one of his photos. The formal qualities of art work are somewhat important. I like paintings that flow smoothly with very fine brush strokes. I think some of the most beautiful art work is produced with a combination of canvas and oil paints. I like portraits that capture images I normally could not see otherwise. Portraits that capture the colors you can see when light reflects on a ripple of water amaze me. I do not know a great deal about art, but art seems to be much more opinion than fact.

Attachment Theory and Partnership Model

Describe how partnerships with carers are developed and sustained in own work setting A partnership model work around a theory of collaboration, understanding and and communication. It’s a way that helps to recognise how the best outcomes can happen for children when care, development and learning provision/a setting , a cooperatively together. A partnership model looks like this: Identifying needs via a partnership /mullet agency document can happen though the pre CAF assessment check list and CAF common assessment framework which is shared with appropriate agencies.Alongside the aims of home nation’s early year framework –eg England’s eyfs, Wales’ foundation phase, NI foundation stage or Scotland’s prebrith-3 &curriculum for excellence, children’s progresses seen to be greater when a partnership is supported: evidence based on EPPE project quote: This finding indicates that what parents do is more important for the academic and socia l/behavioural development of their than who parents are supports a joint or joined up approach .Check how your setting promotes an open door policy, involves, actively invites and work towards engaging parents/carers in the setting ‘s planning and decision making processes. How do you share observations –daily happenings’ how parents/carers contribute 7 are part of assessments 7 updates by letting setting know about development’ interests, medical and dietary needs – data protection, confidentiality act & freedom of information.Considerations to take into account for a partnership model are the potential barriers could be involved: that–  Communication  & how to overcome those barriers – language, use & access to technology eg. phone, email, literacy skills technology —  Confidence & self esteem  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ anyone with less confidence, sense of worth and value may feel uncomfortable/incapable of imparting their ideas, view s and opinions. –  Obligations of work  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ time, income all have a bearing on how active a parent/carer can be in a partnership model. —  Learning disabilities and culture  can impact on relationships with care providers as an expectation to work together may be unexpected, unfamiliar, cause suspicion & be unwelcome it is also possible an appearance of professionalism creates a barrier, anxiety &  withdrawal. —  Understanding  equal opportunity, equality amp; inclusion in participation  whilst this is a practice approach that may be extended to all it may not be taken up by individuals in the same way. In possible contrast maybe, to the view as to how behaviourist theory relates to positive reinforcement –  operant conditioning  that may be exerted over children's choice/motivation to participate, knowing that the less pressure adults feel exposed and obligated to, the more likely it is that they'll feel free and welcomed in taki ng part where and when they are able to. Evaluation methods eg.Feedback,  survey  and sensitive questionnaires can help identify areas a setting does well in, those for further investigation and aspects of provision that individuals enjoy being part of or can see a way to suggest improvement in. Breaking/breaching confidentiality in a partnership model can cause mistrust & impact negatively on the effectiveness of future engagement –oral’ paper 7 electronically kept information data protection act If it helps there is guidance that supports further research on pages 164 and 221+ of the  Heinemann level 3 handbookParental rights  on direct gov and the  children's act 1989 Howard Gardner's multi intelligence theory. His  frames of mind  publication recognised the role of the parent as a child's first educator, providing physical and emotional influence. The  town Reggio Emilia  and the development of a philosophy and educational approach. Parent co-oper ative  model for provision Commitee run preschool www. bernardvanleer. org Attachment theory –  linked through psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud 1856 – 1939 Melanie Klein 1882 – 1960 John Bowlby 1907 – 1990 Mary Ainsworth 1913 – 1999Donald Winnicott 1896 – 1971 –  transitional object The limit of children's resillience is in repeated disruption to attachments, when people leave or let them down. Barbara Tizard suggests roles for childrens well-being, physical and emotional development exist in significant others with a genuine commitment and continuity of interest in remaining present in a child's life – carers, adoption, looked after settings, foster parents, guardians, sibling care and parenting responsibilities carried out by other immediate and extended family members.Key worker/person system Peter Elfer –  google book preview Working together: * England's eys framework: eyfs theme of positive relationships, princ iple –  parents as partners * Northern Ireland's –  NI curriuculm  foundation and areas of learning * Ireland's Aistear  guidelines for good practice  building partnerships between parents and practitioners. Wales foundation phase – positive partnerships with home,  learning and teaching pedagogy * Scotland's curriculum for excellence –  parents as partners A health care model for the support of children –  family partnership model  CPCS. org. uk Parents/carers are stakeholders in thier children's education providers in that they are the ones who retain a continued presence after a setting has been left/provision ended. Multi-agency working, how partnerships promote links with agencies and parent/carers and mosiac approach.

Boeing vs Airbus

In todays marketplace, distinct differences in the way competitive products work have become increasingly rare. But functional product differentiation is exactly what the rivalry between the Airbus A380 and the Boeing 787 Dreamliner is all about: Two companies with fundamentally different products, based on diametrically opposite visions of the future, engaged in a Hatfields versus McCoys battle with billions of dollars at stake. Each company has made a series of big bets. The Airbus A380 super-jumbo is a plane for the annals of aviation history. When it goes into service later this year, it will be the biggest, baddest airliner around, capable of ferrying from 550 to 800 passengers (depending on configuration). With its two full-length decks and the promise of amenities such as sleeper cabins, cocktail lounges and a gym, it is sure to capture the publics imagination. But for all its promise of innovation, the A380 represents a bet-the-house wager on one of the most disliked same-old models of air travel: the hub-and-spoke. The A380 is built around the assumption that airlines will continue to fly smaller planes on shorter routes (spokes) into a few large hubs, then onward to the next hub on giant airplanes. It also presumes that passengers will want to put up with the hassles of changing planes in exchange for the privilege of traveling in a jet-powered cruise liner. Whether the A380 will live up to the hype remains very much to be seen. Passengers may become disenchanted with the plane if it turns out to be a freighter rather than a luxury liner. When airlines can choose between more seats and a gym, out goes the gym. Sound cynical? Not to those of us who fondly remember the upstairs first-class lounge in the early 747s. Second, and even more importantly, Boeings (nyse: BA news people ) 787 represents an appealing alternative. Its based on a fundamentally different vision, and it is radically different by design. Boeing doesnt take the current hub-and-spoke model as a given. Marty Bentrott, vice president of sales, marketing and in-service support for the 787, says that since 1990, the number of city pairs more than 3,000 nautical miles apart served by the worlds airlines have doubled, the number of frequencies offered by the airlines have doubled, and the number of available seat-kilometers (seating capacity times miles flown) have doubled. None of these trends show any signs of abating; meanwhile, the average airplane size has actually declined slightly. Clearly, customers prefer more point-to-point flights, flown more frequently, on smaller airplanes. Marketplace insight is at the core of 787 product development. Our strategy has been to design and build an airplane that will take passengers where they want to go, when they want to go, without intermediate stops; do it efficiently while providing the utmost comfort to passengers; and make it simple and cost-effective for airlines to operate, Bentrott says. Rather than seek economies through scale, the 787 will deliver economy through technological innovation, making the most of newly designed, fuel-efficient twin engines and lightweight composite materials. The 787 offers a very different take on the flying experience, too, focusing on comfort rather than perks that could be eliminated by airlines: more standing headroom, larger windows and bathrooms, and higher humidityall features that will benefit passengers regardless of seat configuration. If Airbus appears to covet recognition in the Guinness Book of World Records, Boeing seems predisposed to making a favorable impression in airlines inventories. To date, carriers have ordered 159 A380s, and almost twice as many 787s. Both Airbus and Boeing have a hedge in their back pocket. To compete directly with the A380, Boeings 747-8 uses fuel-efficient engines like the 787 to carry 450 passengers. To counter the 787, Airbus is offering a white elephant called the A350, which has been widely derided as out of step with the changing times. According to Boeing, the 787 is the result of over a decade of focus groups and scientific studies to gain a better understanding of passenger comfort and how the design of airplane interiors can make flying a more pleasant experience. If Airbus made comparable efforts, we are hard-pressed to find the evidence. The ordeals of air travel after Sept. 11, 2001, make even short flights feel like long hauls. Did people really tell Airbus that they are perfectly happy to stand in more lines in exchange for a cocktail lounge? Airbus could not be reached for comment. Boeing versus Airbus is one of the most hard-fought, closely watched marketing battles out there. Its also one of the most fascinating. Not long ago, it appeared as if Airbus had gained the upper hand. If Boeing succeeds in winning this battle and it appears to be well on its wayit will amount to one of the great reversals of business fortunes. It will also serve as proof of the wisdom of understanding the marketplace well enough to lead, rather than follow. Airbus In the summer of 1988, a group of Airbus engineers led by Jean Roeder began working in secret on the development of a ultra-high-capacity airliner , both to complete its own range of products and to break the dominance that Boeing had enjoyed in this market segment since the early 1970s with its 747. McDonnell Douglas unsuccessfully offered its smaller, double-deck MD-12 concept for sale . Roeder was given approval for further evaluations of the UHCA after a formal presentation to the President and CEO in June 1990. The megaproject was announced at the 1990 Farnborough Air Show, with the stated goal of 15% lower operating costs than the 747-400. Airbus organized four teams of designers, one from each of its partners to propose new technologies for its future aircraft designs. The designs would be presented in 1992 and the most competitive designs would be used. In January 1993, Boeing and several companies in the Airbus consortium started a joint feasibility study of an aircraft known as the Very Large Commercial Transport , aiming to form a partnership to share the limited market . This joint study was abandoned two years later, Boeings interest having decreased because analysts thought that such a product would unlikely earn the $15-billion in development costs. Despite the fact that only two airlines had expressed public interest in purchasing such a plane, Airbus was already pursuing its own large plane project. Analysts suggested that Boeing instead would pursue stretching their 747 design, and that air travel was already moving away from the hub and spoke system that consolidated traffic into large planes, and toward more non-stop routes that could be served by smaller planes. In June 1994, Airbus began developing its own very large airliner, designated the A3XX . Airbus considered several designs, including an odd side-by-side combination of two fuselages from the A340, which was Airbus’s largest jet at the time. The A3XX was pitted against the VLCT study and Boeing’s own New Large Aircraft successor to the 747 . From 1997 to 2000, as the East Asian financial crisis darkened the market outlook, Airbus refined its design, targeting a 15 to 20 percent reduction in operating costs over the existing Boeing 747-400. The A3XX design converged on a double-decker layout that provided more passenger volume than a traditional single-deck design, in line with traditional hub-and-spoke theory as opposed to the point-to-point theory of the Boeing 777, after conducting an extensive market analysis with over 200 focus groups . Still, since the 1995 forecasts to the present, others including a former Airbus executive have disputed the hub-and-spoke justification, and continued to predict that the market for very large aircraft such as the A380 is small. Boeing During the late 1990s, Boeing began considering replacement aircraft programs as sales for the 767 and Boeing 747-400 slowed. The company proposed two new aircraft, the 747X, which would have lengthened the 747-400 and improved efficiency, and the Sonic Cruiser, which would have achieved 15% higher speeds while burning fuel at the same rate as the existing 767. Market interest for the 747X was tepid, but the Sonic Cruiser had brighter prospects. Several major airlines in the United States, including Continental Airlines, initially showed enthusiasm for the Sonic Cruiser concept, although they also expressed concerns about the operating cost. On 11th September 2001increased in petroleum prices, making airline company more interested in efficiency rather than speed. The worst-affected airlines, those in the United States, had been considered the most likely customers of the Sonic Cruiser, and thus Boeing officially canceled the Sonic Cruiser on December 20, 2002. Switching tracks, the company announced an alternative product using Sonic Cruiser technology in a more conventional configuration, the 7E7, on January 29, 2003. The emphasis on a smaller midsize twinjet rather than a large 747-size aircraft represented a shift from hub-and-spoke theory towards the point-to-point theory, in response to analysis of focus groups. â€Å"The 7E7 looks fairly traditional on the outside, but it will be dramatically different on the inside. † -Time The replacement for the Sonic Cruiser project was dubbed the 7E7. Technology from the Sonic Cruiser and 7E7 was to be used as part of Boeings project to replace its entire airliner product line, an endeavor called the Yellowstone Project (of which the 7E7 became the first stage). The E was said to stand for various things, such as efficiency or environmentally friendly; however, Boeing ultimately claimed it merely stood for Eight. Analysis Comparing Boeing and Airbus development and decision in aircraft manufacturing, both have same final target: to deliver high capacity, low-fuel-consume, long-travel-range airplanes. But if we compare Boeing 787 with Airbus 380 decision we can conclude that Boeing’s decision to modify the 747 model to improve its capacity is better than Airbus decision to develop new kind of jumbo-jet because: * Single Airbus 380 production cost is US$346.3 million while Boeing 787-9(the most expensive models) is US$218. 1 million. * Airbus 380 total orders (by the end of November 2010) is 234 with deliver ratio of 17. 75% (41 delivered) while Boeing 787 total orders (by 14th December 2010) is 846 with deliver ratio of 0% (0 delivered) As the fact goes, we can see that production cost of Boeing 787 is lower than Airbus 380, this is ha ppen because Boeing 787 is slight modification of Boeing’s earlier aircraft such as 747 and 767 (787 will be the successor of the 767. Airbus 380 is entirely new kind of airliner in Airbus line of product. The development cost only of A380 is â‚ ¬11 billion (production cost not included). Seeing from customer eyes, the fact is Boeing 787’s orders have reached the number of 846 units while Airbus 380 orders only 234 units. But because of the numerous delays on both sides, the delivered unit only reaches 41 units for Airbus and 0 units for Boeing. Latest Facts Graph Conclusion Boeing and Airbus have always been two major aircraft production company in the market. Both of them are competing to be the best in their field whether in terms of business strategy or fuel-saving technology to meet the market demand. They keep developing their ideas to be innovative and improved in order to maximize the demand of their products. In the early years, it’s clear that Boeing dominates the market, overthrow the Airbus. But since the 1970s Boeing has faced increasing competition from Airbus, which has expanded its family of aircraft to the point where Airbus and Boeing now cover an almost identical market. Airbus has delivered more planes than Boeing every year from 2003 onwards. Airbus orders have exceeded Boeings in every year since 1999 except for 2000, 2006 and 2007, which went to Boeing. In 2005 Airbus won more orders by number, but Boeing won 55% by value. In summary, of the last 10 years (2000–2009), Airbus won 6,452 orders while delivering 3,810, Boeing won 5,927 orders while delivering 3,950. Therefore the managers are required to filter, analyze all the information that can take part in building a better improvement for the aircrafts and are necessary to do decision-making carefully. Firstly they need to identify the alternatives, secondly evaluating alternatives and last but not least selecting the best alternatives. A deep thoughts and long process are needed as procedure to reach for the final best decision that can contribute to the increase in the growth of sales. Both Boeing and Airbus have different business strategy to win the market value. Although basically they have similar technology, they have different body specifications and capacity. Given the scale of investment, the effort to design jetliners and competition in the same markets, it stands to reason they are similar in both size and technology. But it doesn’t always work that way: Airbus developed the huge and less successful A380 while Boeing concentrated on the more modest 787. From a business standpoint, Boeing is in a slightly better situation. The 787 is sell very well and is already a profitable product, as is the 777. Airbus is in a worse position because of the number of duds they have in the portfolio. The A380 will not be profitable in the next decade if ever it is not selling at all in the past couple of years and they need about 450 to break even it is also doubtful that the A350 will match the total sales volume of the 787 and the 777 (or its replacement) which is the A350s mission. The 787 is also a fuel-efficient aircraft that is more likely to reduce the cost of fuels during the long-haul journey. The possible high reduction cost during travelling is a big advantage for the airline companies who purchased the 787. Lower operating costs mean lower ticket price for the consumers. This creates a mutual benefit between the business airline companies and consumers. Boeing 747 already existed in late 1960s and became the first biggest passenger plane on earth that time. The reasons why this plane is made are to reduce air traffic, to reduce airfare and try to make another success like 707. Because the plane is massive, it can bring many people at once. Therefore, it’ll reduce the cost and reduce air traffic. In size A380 is bigger than Boeing 747. In capacity also, A380 carries more passenger than Boeing 747, but the cons are Airbus A380 much more expensive than Boeing 747 and Boeing 747 has lower cost per trip rather than A380. Thus, it’ll make the company makes more profit. Basically the two competitors had a different approach in their basic foundation. For Airbus, the answer is â€Å"bigger and better. † The A380 is a massive plane designed for long trips, conserving fuel by consolidating passengers onto one flight where two were needed before. Boeing has a different approach flexibility. Its three versions of the 787 are adapted for different purposes. The 787-3 has a large passenger capacity over short distances, while the 787-8 and 787-9 are built for longer trips, but carry fewer passengers to maintain fuel efficiency. References

Inovation on action Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Inovation on action - Essay Example Credit cards also changed from single purpose to multi-purposes in which they can be used for even hundreds of services as long as the limit allows. Use of credit cards is very convenient and secure which is the main selling point of the cards. Individuals as well as businesses prefer the use of credit cards for this purpose. However, there are a number of risks associated with these cards. Fraud and security risks have increased especially with the introduction of internet. At the same time, the use of credit cards has been associated with controversies. Most credit cards allow people to borrow money they do not have and with the debt ceiling limits, they are thought to contribute to high debt. Addressing the challenges associated with the credit card use can make them very sustainable, convenient and safe Use of plastic cards for payments is one of the best innovations in the payment industry, having many benefits appreciated by individuals but also has some risks History First Gen eration Unlike what most people would expect, the use of cards goes back to the 19th century. The first credit card was produced in 1880 in the United Kingdom. Customers would be issued with the voucher which they could use to shop from certain shops. After shopping, a person who was responsible for collecting the money used from the clients would go to their homes to collect the money. The method was convenient and offered the clients the security they deserved. The use of these vouchers is not well documented and it is not known for how ling it was used (Longemann, 2012). A few decades later, companies in the United States started to use credit cards as way of maintaining customers. In this case, customers were issued with loyalty cards which would allow them to buy goods and pay later. The cards were limited to the stores issuing them and clients could only use the cards at those particular stores or their branches. Oil companies also issued cards to their employees every three t o six months for entertainment. These cards improved business as the issuing businesses knew that the clients they provided the cards would always go back to those stores. At the same time, clients were happy that they could be allowed to make purchases only to pay later. It was convenient for the customers as they did not have to carry money around all the time they were to make purchases. In addition, they could make purchases even when they did not have money at hand (Sienkiewicz, 2001). About a decade later, Western union started to offer metallic cards to their clients. The cards gave the customers with the cards certain preferences over customers who did not have those cards (The U.K Cards Association, n.d). These cards can be termed as the first generation cards but had a lot of limitations. Second generation The next generation cards were much better compared to the first ones. This generation of cards was started by a banker at Flatbush National Bank of Brooklyn, New York, John Biggins. Biggins realized there were many people using the ban and needed something unique to retain the customers. He invented credit scripts which would be used by the consumers to make small purchases at selected merchants. Customers would present the script to the merchant who would copy the information on the script on the payment slip which would later be deposited to the bank. The customers and the merchants had to be members of the Flatbush bank for transfer of money between accounts to be completed

Organization and Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organization and Management - Essay Example Scientific management, in contrary, was from Fredrick Taylor in the year 1911. In a more simple term it is said to be amongst the best ways duties could be executed and the best method to use in improving the methods or techniques employed by employees (Robbins p.38) A bunch of comparisons have been done for the two methods of management, for instance specialization, fragmentation and mechanization of work. Moreover, inadequate skilled and intellectual content will hasten the current work. Mechanization of fordism’s big production further stressed a number of Taylor’s accepted beliefs of management being separated from human emotions and affairs, applying ‘humans as instruments or machines to be manipulated by their leaders’ (Hersey p.84). There was emphasis and blending by Fordism for scientific techniques to have things done according to Ford’s flourishing process of mass production. There were differences between the two methods of management. For dism dehumanized employees while the other method persuaded the employees that their objectives could be easily achieved together with their employees’ goals, thus they should strive towards this direction. Ford’s method was appropriate for firms that participated in huge production, unlike scientific management method that could be employed by many firms. Big companies like Ford motors put these methods in practice. The two theories of management show companies on what technique of management they should employ today. Employers should know that their employees should be treated fairly with democracy. Since 1970’s, wide changes in technology and market have made employers and producers to employ greater diversification in production and more flexibility in production methods. Movements in the direction of a flexible organization became apparent. For instance, organizations like Toyota, NASA and Nissan act as contemporary examples of Fordism and portray movements to the direction of scientific management. Similarities that are there between the two theories are Fordism’s mass production mechanization and Taylor’s efforts of using workers like machines. Fredrick planned this by the use of management principles that included science development for every element and looking for the fastest method the responsibility could be executed. Ford’s best kinds of his production system was inclusive of dedicated and fixed machine use in individual’s duty, rather than making workers machines (Hollinshead, 1995). As Taylor tried to show the globe that science existed in management and the fastest way was a better way, he pointed out incompetence in managers for being inefficient in running of factories and railroads. Using motions and time studies, Fredrick attained increased production of up to twice the injection (Dunphy, 1998, p.4). Taylor’s thoughts were answered by others: at a 1910 ICC hearing, Brandeis reiterated that America’s railroads was in a position to save 1 million dollars in a day in case they adopted scientific management method in their operations (Oakes, 1996).Fredrick Taylor proved to the globe that the scientific and methodical study of duty or work could end up with an improved effectiveness. He believed definition of clear guidelines for employees would improve the goods production. Fordism just like

The Benefits of Cycling in Thailand Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 6

The Benefits of Cycling in Thailand - Assignment Example With the increasing rate of global warming, various governments are coming up with strategies to curb this trend. Different strategies are drafted in order to reduce the rate of carbon emission in the atmosphere. Motor engines are cited as one of the major contributors of carbon gas emission. This has resulted in rising sea level and desertification in different parts of the world. As a result, people have opted to use means of transport that emit few gases or none at all. In Thailand, the government has even gone ahead to intervene in issue in order to reduce the number of bicycle users. This provides an opportunity for the bicycle producers to make high profits as many people will look forward towards purchasing the bicycles. This paper will, therefore, analyze the market prospects, target customers, consumer buying behaviors, how to position the product in the market and segment the market. The main aim of this paper is to have insight details concerning the market, population, an d demographics in the area that may affect the performance of the product in the market. Nevertheless, some of the assumptions are that the market forces will be constant, and no risks will face the market. In addition, some of the limitations that we may encounter are lack of accurate data concerning the population and the number of purchases made in a day. In order to gain data and current information, we will use secondary data. This will reduce any traces of errors which might mislead business trying to invest in the country. In addition, we will have to forecast future trend using the experiences in the market. This will help us in coming up with the appropriate strategy to use in penetrating the market. Power bike organization was founded in 2006 by Ning and Nui in Roi Et. Power bike organization is one of the leading accessories and cycle retail shops in Roi Et. Powerbike is operated as a family (Ho and Madden-Hallet, 2010, p. 51).  

Sustainability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sustainability - Essay Example The condition of the planet as well as its ecosystems is wholly depended upon the present as well as the past human activity. This is determined by the interplay of three factors namely the economic, political and social (Hak & Et.Al, â€Å"Sustainability Indicators: A Scientific Assessment†). There seems to be substantial debate over the term ‘sustainability’. Some defines it as a contested and complex concept, however for others; it can be defined as the capacity of something that can be continued for a long period of time. Issues Important for Urban Land Use Economic Sustainability The point worth noticing is that none of the economic systems can be sustainable until and unless it ‘accommodates’ the ecosystem in which it depends. The current system that is based on the notion of continuous economic expansion on planet seems to be damaged. Therefore, there is requirement of applying human creativity to the goals which is to use the natural resources in a productive and efficient manner in order to meet their needs. This goal can be considered as being completely dissimilar from ‘exploiting natures’ and the Third World people. ... The most important consideration in regards to the ecological sustainability is that it needs to be pursued for the human as well as for the species which are around 10-12 million on the planet (Sutton, â€Å"Ecological Sustainability†). To make the concept simpler, the term ecological sustainability can be interpreted as any activity that takes place on earth has to generally continue forever. Ecological sustainability can only be achieved if the activity does not destroy any resources through which the activity actually takes place. There isn’t requirement of inventing the sustainable environment from scratch since it can be modeled by the human in order to simulate natural eco-system. It can be revealed that there are key principles which need to be adhered to for achieving the ecological sustainability. The most important point to keep in mind is that there is requirement of changing the habit of using the resources as if they are infinite by the society. Moreover, greenhouse gas emission needs to be minimized to a greater extent and also there is requirement for some kind of new and improved economic ways that would be based upon the clean, glass technology (Carrie & Danielle, â€Å"General†). Social Sustainability The term social sustainability has a wider implication upon the lives and health of the people of the society. It tends to deal with the complex issues, for instance health, equity, social inclusion and livability. If the community is to be sustainable and function properly then in that case the basic needs of its resident have to be met. A good sustainable community is the one that has the ability to maintain and build on its own resources. On the other hand, it

Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 5

Proposal - Essay Example But, these people will be able to fulfil this role if they have the requisite knowledge about the diet principles and the requirements of nutrients. The healthy diet includes solid as well as liquid food items. In order to compete with European and American teams the Saudi footballers will have to make good use of healthy food items. While carrying out a study for Business Insights, Siddika Jaffer (2008), find that the overall market for sports and energy drinks has seen immense growth in the European and US markets and this growth is expected to continue at a rate of about 5 percent till 2011. The study points out that the during the period 2001-06, the Spanish market for sports and energy drinks has witnessed the highest percentage of growth pegged at more than 13 percent. Nutrients help in sustaining the long term needs of training and short-term needs of competition (Hassapidou et al, 2003). It is believed that formal training with proper dietary intervention leads to a number of advantages in enhancing the performance of an athlete in aspects like physical performance, better protection against injuries, maintaining a stable stamina, and proper muscular growth. Therefore having updated information regarding the dietary principles suitable for sportspersons provides an edge to the coach. This study is an effort to analyse the knowledge level amongst the football players and the coaches in Saudi Arabia in general. Literature review not only helps in going through the findings and conclusions of earlier researchers, it also helps in shaping a direction for the present research activity as well, because the researcher tends to get fair idea about the areas requiring particular focus. In this case also we are bound to come across a number of research papers about the necessity and usage of rich energy diets for sportspersons in general. It will our endeavour to go through some

DISCUSSION BOARD PART 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

DISCUSSION BOARD PART 2 - Essay Example It is actually claimed, â€Å"Medicare fraud costs the U.S. government approximately $80 billion a year† (Stefanacci, 2010, p. 1). The federal government as well as healthcare legislative bodies in the healthcare industry find it extremely difficult to address this problem adequately since the healthcare industry relies heavily on health and billing records to track Medicaid fraud (Krause, 2010). More notably, tracking of fraud becomes difficult since reimbursement formulas are not appropriate. Additionally, technological advancement especially in information systems has not been fully utilized to address the issue. However, hope in addressing this issue is still overwhelming as research that is more rigorous and fruitful continues to find interest in policy implementers. Healthcare industry is continually benefiting from technological advancement. However, integrating technology and information systems that are more reliable to address Medicaid fraud has not yielded a lot since the specific problem has not yet been addressed. Therefore, the main point of concern for this research is to find the most appropriate and appealing use of technology and information systems to solve the menace of Medicaid fraud. Whereas it is a basic and constitutional human right to have access to affordable and appropriate healthcare, Medicaid programs are heavily compromised by Medicaid fraud. More specifically, approaches to address the issue of Medicaid fraud are yet to yield meaningful results since they rely heavily on traditional methods of health records. The problem becomes even more complicated when reimbursement formulas have not been harmonized and information systems have not yet been fully optimized to address this problem. From a perfectionist point of view, healthcare industry needs a near-perfect system of tracking Medicaid fraud for there to be meaningful

American History Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

American History - Assignment Example 1800s, soldiers stationed at the former mission named the place as the Alamo which means â€Å"cottonwood† in Spanish — in reference to where these men came from, Alamo de Parras, Coahuila. For years, the Alamo became the home of Mexican revolutionaries and royalists during the war for independence. The military — Spanish, Rebel, and then Mexican — continued to occupy the Alamo until the Texas Revolution. Though Texians and Tejano volunteers were able to successfully occupy the Alamo in 1835, they were greeted by a surprise attack from General Santa Anna’s army – an assault which was held out for 13 days. Because of the intensity of the battle, the commander of the Alamo, Col. Travis sent forth couriers asking for help to communities in Texas. However, as the hope for outside help faded, Col. Travis drew a line on the ground and asked those who were willing to fight to step over. All of them except one stayed to defend the Alamo. The defenders risked their lives to protect the key to Texas’ defense. They would rather die than surrender to General Santa Anna’s army. Before the daybreak in March 6, 1836, the final assault of Mexican soldiers came as they scaled the walls and rushed inside the compound. The battle still continued as defenders continued to desperately fight the enemies. However, by sunrise, the battle ended as General Santa Anna entered the compound to proclaim his victory. At first, I found it rather odd that defenders wrote extensively about the weather in Texas. However, in my view, the defenders found Texas weather to be rather odd and new for them. That is why, in their journal entries, defenders took time to note and comment heavily about the weather. For historians, the weather diary is important to dispel the myth that in 1835 the coldest winter swept through Texas. This idea was held on because Mexican troops encountered a freak blizzard as they were on their way to Texas during the night of February 13 onwards. However,

A Theory of Cross-Cultural Communication Essay Example for Free

A Theory of Cross-Cultural Communication Essay Cultures here are minimally seen as large-scale systems of assumed shared references, linguistic or otherwise1, used for the purposes of reducing complexity. 2 Cultures themselves may idealize one or several centers, where the shared references are felt to be so dense that communication would be without any need for reductions of complexities. Away from such ideals, cultures have peripheries, where references are sparse, or sparsely shared, or mixed with references shared by other cultures. The terms â€Å"center† and â€Å"periphery† are not to be understood geopolitically. (cf. Even-Zohar 1990, Toury 1995) The differences between centers and peripheries are operative fictions rather than primary empirical facts. The very belief that one is in a central position may be enough to curtail complexity, just as the false impression that one is lacking in context may increase complexity. (Pym 1998) The difference between center and periphery may also be characterized in terms of effort. When shared references are believed to be dense (all else being equal), the reduction of complexity requires less effort than when the references are believed to be sparse. Effort here is understood as being on both the sending and receiving sides of messages, as well as in any mediating position or investment in the channel. A text sent and received near a perceived center will thus require less investment of effort than the same text sent from a center to a periphery (assuming that the reduction of complexity is 1. 3. 1. 4. 1. 5. to be to a similar degree in both cases). And further supplementary effort will be needed if the text is to be received in another culture. (Pym 1995) 1. 6. The lines between cultures are marked as cross-over points where the communication act receives supplementary effort of a mediating and discontinuous nature. Such points are usually where translations are carried out. (Pym 2001a) Cross-cultural communication thus marks the points of contact between cultures, although it alone will not join up the points to form any kind of line. (Pym 1998, 2001a, cf. Chatwin 1987) On complexity and its reduction Texts are inscribed objects that can be interpreted in different ways and for different functions, quite independently of any original intentions. The plurality of possible interpretations is what we are calling complexity. The reduction of complexity does not imply any discerning of a true or primal meaning. For example, a reader at this point might interpret the term â€Å"reduction of complexity† as â€Å"understanding†, but such a reading will hopefully be deviated by the following paragraphs. In this sense, the reduction of complexity does not entail an act of understanding in any idealist sense. Nor must effort be expended only to reduce complexity. Effort can also be used to make texts more complex, preparing them for a greater plurality of interpretations. Such might be a certain conception of aesthetic pleasure, diplomatic ambiguity, or communicative mechancete. The degree of appropriate complexity is in each case dependent on the success conditions of the communicative act concerned. On success conditions Success conditions are criteria that make the communicative act beneficial for all or some of the participants concerned. 4 Such criteria may be simple, as in the case of a business negotiation to reach mutual agreement on a sales price: the success condition might be that a price is agreed to by all participants.

The handmaids tale Essay Example for Free

The handmaids tale Essay Moira is a strong and independent woman who is not like other handmaids and therefore has a vast array of roles through out the play. Moira is an autonomous woman who rejects the responsibility and job of the handmaid and as a result of this the narrator uses her proper name. Moira allows the narrator to express her feelings so the reader can see her from different angles and see her different characteristics. One of Moiras main features is her rebelliousness, which the reader sees through the past, present and the future. For example when Moira and Offred where both in college, Moira was the one who wanted to go out, have a good time. She wanted Offred to come with her even though she knew that she was expected to hand in an assignment the next day I had a paper due the next day. She rebelled against the system in college she did the opposite of what was expected from her. Even when she was brought into the centre where they train all the handmaids she was wearing jeans, she stood out from the rest and was clearly rebellious. She is a Feminist heroine who all the other handmaids look up to. She is an individual, a leader and a figurehead. She has a dramatic impact on the rest of the handmaids, she influences them giving them hope and inspiration. Due to Moiras presence the aunts seem less fearsome and frightening, she exposes them for what they real are. She does by the way she escapes; she doesnt just run she actually ties one of them up and shows that they can be physically hurt. This reminds the handmaids that the aunts are only human and in a way it reassures them. To all the other handmaids she is a heroine but from Gileads perspective she is a loose women. Moira defies the Gilead regime so much that she tries to escape and on her second attempt she succeeds and as a result of this Moira never actually becomes a proper handmaid. This is just another example of Moira being a heroine and showing the reader her revolutionary nature. Even when Moira has disappeared from the scene she is still making a dramatic impact on both the handmaids and the reader. She is even more of a role model Moira was our fantasy. She inspires the other handmaids and gives them hope for the future. However, her escape also has a reverse affect it causes Offred to feel lonely and abandoned so much that she begins to reminisce about her time she spent with Moira in college. Even past memories inspire and motivate Offred that she comes to realise that they can control her body but not her mind. Moira also portrays the motherly figure within the novel an example of this is when Janine starts to cry and wants to go home. If the aunts where to find out she would be punished severely. Moira steps in and takes charge she is the dominant one and is like a mother. However, she is not sensitive or caring instead she slaps Janine. This shows the reader that although she is very rebellious she is aware of the rules and she knows how far she can go. She is also caring but in a violent way, although she slaps Janine she saved her life. Although the other Handmaids are probably jealous they do look up to her. When she was tortured everyone stole and took a big risk to bring Moira packets of sugar. Moira cant really do much with packets of sugar but it shows that they care and is also a sign of respect. When Moira and Offred where in college together Moira was a lesbian, which again is rebelling against human nature, she was an obvious lesbian she wore long dangly earrings. When Moira escaped she manages to get a job at a place called jezebels working as a prostitute. This is everything that Gilead stood against and is now what she has become. This again shows the reader and Offred Moiras radical nature. Even when Moira stayed at Jezebels she remained a lesbian. In conclusion Moira is a significant character that plays a major part in the past, present and the future of the novel. She is a clear revolutionary and finds new ways to break the rules. She is an individual, the uniforms that the handmaids had to wear were supposed to take away their individuality but Moira was too passionate and determined and she wouldnt let it. She was a leader who inspired others and gave them hope for the future. Moira always wanted to be the centre of attention, which may be while she was so rebellious. She lived the dream of all the other handmaids by physically getting to the aunts and then escaping. However, towards the end of the book she was a bit disappointment. She was working in jezebels wearing a bunny costume, which is very demeaning and in a way shows sign of defeat. She is more or less everything that the aunts said that they were trying to protect the other handmaids from. She is almost at the lowest of the low. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Margaret Atwood section.

Some Issues Of Governance In Pakistan Economics Essay

Some Issues Of Governance In Pakistan Economics Essay Good governance is regarded as development agenda in Pakistan by each government while the public see governance as the major indicator for sustainable development. In this premise, good governance is known as one of the most decisive factor for thriving accomplishment of the strategic thrust, policies and programs. It is as an exercise of authority to manage a countrys affair at all levels to improve the quality of life of the people. It is a continuous process where divergent opinions and desires are satisfied through compromise and tolerance in a spirit of cooperative action for the mutual benefit of the larger whole.  [1]  According to World Bank and UNDP, governance has three dimensions; the political regime, the systems and procedures for exercising authority and the capacity of governments.  [2]  This paper discusses the underlying causes of weak governance and interaction between state institutions and citizens in Pakistan along with suggesting some policy options as minimum action needed for improvement. It is widely acknowledged by the academia that the state-machinery of government has contributed to the present state of affairs. Further, the federally-managed resources are obstacles for provinces to obtain the best value for money. Sincere civil servants are frustrated with cost ineffective systems and procedures; the general public is faced with an irresponsive and non accountable political and bureaucratic system while the entrepreneur is witnessed with a set of contradictory policies which further hinder his business. Briefly, both federation and provinces of Pakistan must bring about drastic changes to achieve economic growth and to improve the quality of life of its people. Conceptual Framework of Good Governance The term good governance is coined by the World Bank and its foundations rest on the principles of freedom, equality, justice and accountability. Philosophical literature and religious texts are full with the definitions and examples of both good and bad governance. The traces of good governance can be found in history which reports the downfall of nations due to bad governance and also gives lessons that how nations have risen to great heights because of good governance. At the moment, the concept of governance has been evolving from some narrow definition used by the World Bank as the manner in which power is exercised in the management of a countrys economic and social resources to the broader definition adopted by the Commission on Global Governance as the sum of the many ways in which individuals and institutions, public and private, manage their common affairs.  [3]   Good Governance in the context of Pakistan, go beyond good politics. In Pakistan good governance must enable all the stakeholders to enhance economic growth, social development and a mechanism to sustain growth in the future. This can be achieved through civil services reforms, capacity building of institutions, improving and devolution of fiscal administration, increasing the role of the private sector and controlling unproductive public expenditures. All of these fall within four broad areas, namely, legislative framework, institutional capacity, efficiency and management.  [4]  Legislative framework is set of boundaries within which institutions, agencies and agents can operate and therefore addresses issues related to devolution, discretion and accountability. Institutional capacity identifies the ability of institutions, agencies and agents to identify policies ensure coherence and coordination and ensure compliance. While the efficiency addresses issues of resource generati on, expenditure planning, expenditure controls regulation and overall public administration to ensure the most effective use of resources. The last but not the least is management which addresses issues related to the proper use of systems and procedures and the mechanisms used for the development of the infrastructure and the delivery of services by ensuring that there is an equitable and transparent access to goods and services and protection of public interest from private intrusion. Legislative Framework Legislative issues are important and need to be addressed. Although constitution of Pakistan draws responsibilities between various tiers of government yet there are some areas where no clear-cut allocation of responsibilities is specified. Further, this lack of clarity creates fragments between the functions of various tiers of government and the services which should be delivered by the provincial governments are yet delivered by the centre. This change has not yet been brought in the future programmes. It requires designing of new mechanism for attaining this very objective. One of such mechanism is employing Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in making communities aware of their rights and responsibilities. They have been developed to some extent but are largely working as case studies. However, this role needs to be extended. There are also concerns about the legislations that it is passed without adequate drafting skills. Furthermore, some built-in provisions and powers to s et aside any mandatory requirement are more often used. These provisions are related with extreme cases of hardship but history is full of the examples where these provisions have been exploited for personal gains. In addition, discretionary quotas provide benefits to the few. These steps result in inefficient public institutions and further pave the way for corruption. In this outline, discretionary quotas followed by discretionary power should be the removed as a first objective. Institutional Capacity-building Although legislation is necessary for an efficient and transparent allocation of responsibilities yet without the corresponding capacity, no change may be forthcoming.  [5]  Contrary to it, government institutions are facing huge number of shortcomings. Coherent and coordinated policies are absent in public institutions while the current systems and procedures are outdated.  [6]  Although the mechanisms to ensure coordination do exist yet are not implemented. Further there is permanent hindrance in routine management while the existing staff is also inadequately trained.  [7]  All of these issues can be eliminated through capacity-building of institutions. There is an immense need of decentralization of functions which means that financial powers and administrative authority should be given to the lowest tier of government. But decentralization is not a cure-all for resolving Pakistans continuing crisis of governance. It has the potential of decreasing the distance between citizens and the state and thus enabling the government to be more responsive to local needs.  [8]  Simple transfer of power from centre to region in decentralization will fail to empower the people, and intensify the crisis of governance to new levels.  [9]   An irresponsive civil service needs reforms to make the civil servants answerable for their actions. History of Pakistan has only witnessed a notable reform in 1973. Apparently, it was a measure designed to enhance the professional quality of the cadre but it became a powerful means of political influence. The current inefficient and corrupt needs to be weeded out and staff skills need to be developed to use modern management techniques.  [10]  Simple attendance at courses operated by civil service training institutions does not constitute training. Civil servants must be required to show absorption of training skills by results in tests and examination, and this process should be very frequent. Efficiency There are number of ways to achieve efficiency. The use of appropriate mechanisms ensures the greatest value for money and this can be one way out. Further, pro-active legislation and use of information can ensure target-based management. The use of information technology through the development and implementation of standardized procedures could also become the cornerstone for change. While private sector participation can overcome a number of shortcomings in the development of infrastructure but this would result in excessive rents accruing only to the few agents.  [11]  The legislative framework establishes the boundaries within which the public-private partnership can take place. However, these laws will need to be translated into a workable and transparent regulatory framework. Most of the existing institutions are manned largely by staff without the knowledge and understanding needed to adapt to a rapidly changing operating environment. The international environment is in favor of the industrialized nations hence Pakistan needs to adopt a strategy which has been shown to be successful by the newly emerging industrial states, that is, the induction of the private sector from inception to implementation. In other words, Pakistan must include the private sector in all facets of dealing with the international community starting with preparation of position papers and underlying research, to actually negotiating access and, the subsequent supervision and management of the accord. Moreover, the general complaint with respect to Pakistans exports has been the absence of quality control. The private sector must ensure that this becomes a necessary condition for export. Towards this end, trade associations should be encouraged to establish and operate training centers and central quality control facilities, set standards which are mandatory, and establish a system of penalizing violators. Management Management can be divided into three broad categories; economic management, fiscal administration and expenditure management.  [12]  Economic management means efficient allocation of resources to ensure wide spread and equitable economic and social development of a nation. It is the basic responsibility of any government and this can only be achieved through good governance. Unfortunately, this has been a dream for not only the policy makers of Pakistan, but also of its people. Fiscal administration is another need of hour in Pakistan. Breakdown in economic governance results from the failure of governments to institute a progressive taxation structure. Today taxes are imposed on and collected from the poor. Large segments of civil society, particularly the rich remain inadequately taxed. Also there is exemption of tax on agricultural incomes and capital gains and the taxation structure creates inefficiency in the economies. Fiscal policy of Pakistan shows excess of tax holidays, exemptions and grants without an independent audit of assessment by outside agencies. A fundamental problem, however, is that the tax base remains narrow and a large proportion of direct taxes are collected as deductions at the source. Much of these shortcomings of tax administration can be reformed through broad systemic changes undertaken at all levels. The effectiveness of the change will depend on political support. The establishment of independent and autonomous Revenue Authorities with a market based pay structure with built-in rewards and penalties should be considered as the most viable vehicle for reform. Expenditure management is another important issue as planning and budgeting systems are deficient in Pakistan. This reduces transparency and accountability in the process of allocation and expenditure. Consultation in matters of taxation with vested interest groups has always existed but there is little external input in making the budget. Expenditure requests are not scrutinized by legislators and budgets are framed without a consistent macroeconomic framework. Medium to long-term expenditure plans are not prepared, neither are such frameworks established which results is no link between the composition of expenditures and the financing of the deficit to major economic parameters, such as growth and prices. Therefore, it erodes efficient allocation and effective management of the macro economy. End Result Corruption Mis-governance leads and breeds corruption in a number of ways, through bribery and extortion, nepotism, and fraud and embezzlement. It reduces the efficiency on which an economy depends, and by increasing the cost of investment, lowers the potential return. It also reduces the governments resources and hence its capacity for investment. Corruption in Pakistan is not a unique phenomenon. It occurs up stream and has wings which encourage flight of capital. Corruption has had adverse effects on human development and as Pakistan faces a scarcity of resources, it is unable to set up and enforce an effective legal framework to eradicate the corruption. According to Robert Klitgaard, who first devised the equation of corruption in 1988, corruption is a function of monopoly power, discretion, lack of accountability and low government salaries.  [13]   Corruption = f (Monopoly power, discretion, accountability, low government salaries) The combination of monopoly power and discretion alone is a disastrous combination. When linked to the absence of accountability and low legal earnings they become more than just lethal. One obvious mechanism to eliminate corruption would be to review legislation which helps breed corruption, such as through creating monopoly power, permitting discretion without checks and balances, places authority without responsibility. Parallel to this should be an effort to reform the judicial system generally. Another mechanism would be to introduce legislation which is effectively implemented through an impartial and independent authority. Corresponding changes in the laws of evidence and trial should allow for flexibility in procedures and rigour of evidence. The legislation alone is insufficient for eradication of corruption. At the same time the strength and independence of the judiciary must be secured. In summary, the action needed to eliminate corruption should include accountability from the top, setting up of national anti-corruption commissions and exclusive corruption courts, ending of unnecessary discretionary laws and ensuring transparency. Conclusion To ensure sustainable and equitable development the government must realize its role in economic development. This can only be achieved best through a realization that such a positive role requires not an expansion in the scale of government activity, but an increase in its effectiveness and a major reallocation of its resources. Poor governance is now recognizable. There is a failure to establish a framework of law and government behavior conduces to development, with a tendency to divert public resources for private gain. No arbitrariness in the application of rules and laws with excessively narrowly based decision making mechanisms only exacerbate the problem. Further the development in Pakistan can be achieved through political stability, stable macroeconomic environment, the outward-looking trade strategies, the quality of primary education, effective land reforms, credit reforms, a merit based efficient and competent bureaucracy, well-functioning institutions and development of core areas of comparative advantage. In sum, governance is a continuum; it does not automatically improve over time. Citizens need to demand good governance. Their ability to do so is only enhanced by awareness, education, and employment opportunities. The Government of Pakistan needs to be responsive to those demands. For change to be effective it must be embedded in the societies concerned and cannot be imposed from the outside. Notes

Intellectual Property (IP) Law and the Media and DBC Television’s Issue

Intellectual property law refers to the rules that protect copyrights, property patents, and trademarks, and through which the property owners exercise the rights they have over the intangible assets they develop. These intangible assets include symbols, artistic, literary works, and musical works, phrases, words, inventions and discoveries (Dutfield & Suthersanen 2007, p. 267). The most commonly recognized intellectual property rights include trademarks, industrial design rights, trade secrets, patents, and copyrights. For this paper, the most applicable property law is the copyrights (Seville 2009, p. 4). The controversial issue to be addressed in the paper revolves around Media Ltd, one of the most recognized TV production companies in the United Kingdom, and DBC television, which broadcasts the Zoo, one of the children animated TV series. The Media Ltd licenses the copyright to a third party to make Lawrence Lion books, dolls, and children clothing. Lawrence Lion is a popular character in the Zoo. The Zoo items are complicated and are extremely expensive to make. A single worker, working for averagely ten hours a day, can only make 30 dolls. The items are meant for collectors and none is supposed to be purchased for children. Carl’s family, one of the Zoo fans, lends Sheila some of their collections. The collection is supposed to form part of the entertainment for Sheila’s little daughter. Unfortunately, David, Sheila’s husband, secretly reproduces several copies at a friend’s video production place and begins to sell them. Juan, who also happens to have seen the Lawrence video, starts producing similar dolls in Spain. Some of her dolls are again imported back to the UK by Import Ltd. This paper will outline the legal issu... ...M, & Bentley, L 2010, Privilege and property: essays on the history of copyright, Open Book Publishers, Cambridge. Dutfield, G, & Suthersanen, U 2007, Global intellectual property law: commentary and materials, Elgar, Cheltenham. Ghidini, G 2010, Innovation, competition and consumer welfare in intellectual property law, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham. Macmillan, F 2005, New directions in copyright law, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham. MacQueen, HL, Wealde, C, & Laurie, GT 2007, Contemporary intellectual property: law and policy, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Seville, C 2009, EU intellectual property law and policy, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham. Singleton, MA 2005, The art of gigging: the essential guide to starting up as a performing artist, Trafford Publishing, Victoria, BC. Torremans, P 2007, Copyright law: a handbook of contemporary research, Elgar, Cheltenham. Intellectual Property (IP) Law and the Media and DBC Television’s Issue Intellectual property law refers to the rules that protect copyrights, property patents, and trademarks, and through which the property owners exercise the rights they have over the intangible assets they develop. These intangible assets include symbols, artistic, literary works, and musical works, phrases, words, inventions and discoveries (Dutfield & Suthersanen 2007, p. 267). The most commonly recognized intellectual property rights include trademarks, industrial design rights, trade secrets, patents, and copyrights. For this paper, the most applicable property law is the copyrights (Seville 2009, p. 4). The controversial issue to be addressed in the paper revolves around Media Ltd, one of the most recognized TV production companies in the United Kingdom, and DBC television, which broadcasts the Zoo, one of the children animated TV series. The Media Ltd licenses the copyright to a third party to make Lawrence Lion books, dolls, and children clothing. Lawrence Lion is a popular character in the Zoo. The Zoo items are complicated and are extremely expensive to make. A single worker, working for averagely ten hours a day, can only make 30 dolls. The items are meant for collectors and none is supposed to be purchased for children. Carl’s family, one of the Zoo fans, lends Sheila some of their collections. The collection is supposed to form part of the entertainment for Sheila’s little daughter. Unfortunately, David, Sheila’s husband, secretly reproduces several copies at a friend’s video production place and begins to sell them. Juan, who also happens to have seen the Lawrence video, starts producing similar dolls in Spain. Some of her dolls are again imported back to the UK by Import Ltd. This paper will outline the legal issu... ...M, & Bentley, L 2010, Privilege and property: essays on the history of copyright, Open Book Publishers, Cambridge. Dutfield, G, & Suthersanen, U 2007, Global intellectual property law: commentary and materials, Elgar, Cheltenham. Ghidini, G 2010, Innovation, competition and consumer welfare in intellectual property law, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham. Macmillan, F 2005, New directions in copyright law, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham. MacQueen, HL, Wealde, C, & Laurie, GT 2007, Contemporary intellectual property: law and policy, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Seville, C 2009, EU intellectual property law and policy, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham. Singleton, MA 2005, The art of gigging: the essential guide to starting up as a performing artist, Trafford Publishing, Victoria, BC. Torremans, P 2007, Copyright law: a handbook of contemporary research, Elgar, Cheltenham.

Stone Henge :: European Europe History

Stone Henge Man has always been interested in mystery. Stonehenge is one of the most mysterious places that man has been interested in. Construction began on Stonehenge at about 2200 B.C. (Abels 9). The origin and uses of Stonehenge are still a great mystery. Stonehenge is a ruin of a stone building. Stonehenge is the oldest pre-historic structure in western Europe. The name "Stonehenge" is Saxon in origin and means hanging stones. Stonehenge is visible from around one to two miles (Chippindale 12). It has a plain structure and at first glance Stonehenge appears to be a large pile of rocks. But when looked at more closely, it is a structure of great mystery. (Abels 5). Stonehenge contains close to one hundred and sixty-five stones. All of the stones are arranged in a plain and simple manner. Stonehenge is not very large. It is only about thirty five paces or eighty feet wide. Stonehenge is three hundred and thirty feet above sea level and is eighty miles west of London. Stonehenge is located in Wiltshire in south central England. The closest town to Stonehenge is Amesbury. It is in the center of Salisbury Plains (Chippindale 10). The pillars at Stonehenge are extraordinary. All of the stones appear gray in color, but their natural colors vary from mostly orange to brown or blue. Many lichens grow all over the stones. About one half of the original stone pillars are missing today. All of the joints that join the stone pillars together are dry stone joints. There was no wet sand or clay used to join the pillars together (Chippindale 12). At Stonehenge there are five different types of stone circles. The five types are: outer sarsen circle, outer bluestone circles, inner sarsen trilithons, inner blue horseshoe, and the altar stone. The outer sarsen circle is one hundred feet in diameter. Each stone is about thirteen and a half feet tall and seven feet wide. The space between each of the stones is approximately four feet apart (Chippindale 12). The outer bluestone circle is close to seventy-five feet in diameter. Most of the stones height are six and a half feet or taller. The stones width are between three and four feet. The stones color is blue. Only six of the original sixty stones still remain standing straight. The others either lean or lie on their side. The inner sarsen trilithons lie just inside of the bluestone circle.

Human Trafficking Essay -- Ethical Issues, Sexual Exploitation

The Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 and The Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Acts of 2003 and 2005 have defined sex trafficking as a commercial sexual act or acts that are induced by fraud, coercion, or in which the person to perform these sexual acts are under the age of eighteen Blackburn, Taylor and Davis (2010). The sex industry in Cambodia and Thailand consists of men, women, and children. In order for there to be enforced labor and sex trafficking there has to be forms of illegal immigration to these economies, though not all human traffickers are kidnapped or forced into sex work, many choose to do this work. Singh and Hart (2007) have labeled Thailand as a country of many prostitutes and its reputation derives from human trafficking and sexual exploitation, especially sexual exploitation of children. Sex trafficking is used to entice tourists to the country to please sexual fantasies Blackburn, Taylor and Davis (2010). Blackburn, Taylor and Davis (2010) indicate estimating human trafficking and sexual exploitation data is difficult provide. Although, it is estimated that thirty thousand children involved in the Thai sex trade is up to seventy-five thousand children younger than the age of sixteen working in brothels, bars, and nightclubs, and that Thailand’s gross income ranges in the twenty-two billion dollars. Singh and Hart (2007) claim their estimates differ from the reality of the true number of commercial sex workers. Though similar to Blackburn, Taylor and Davis (2010) they provided that the number range from sixty thousand to seventy-five thousand to four hundred thousand sex workers in Thailand. According to Singh and Hart (2007), The World Tourism Organization reported in 2004, th... ...at beach resort near Bangkok, Thailand and many pedophiles from around the world come there. Since there are organizations like Fight Against Child Exploitation which influence the prosecution of pedophiles after they return to their country. The authors state the police are a part of the sex trafficking problem in both Cambodia and Thailand because brothels pay monthly payment to the police for protection, and some brothels are private owned by government, military, or police officials. The Royal Cambodian National Police attempted to develop a special unit on human trafficking and juvenile crime, because this effect produced little progress, the entire national police department was told to get training on human trafficking, child exploitation, ethical behavior that led to corruption, and receiving serves from prostitutes Blackburn, Taylor and Davis (2010).

Chanting a Person’s Way to Salvation

Music lightens up the soul. Various kinds of sounds and rhythms are designed to touch and awaken the human heart. These are some of the reasons why music is considered universal, a medium that can be understood by anyone needless of any further explanation. In the world of various religions, music have been found as a useful instrument, either to encourage the praised God, or to encourage the followers. This is true not only in the present setup but even as far as the beginning of religion itself. Islam, Christianity and Shintoism are three varied religions originating in various parts of the world. How these three utilized music in their respective practices? Specifically, how musical chants are viewed by these especially during the period 200 CE to 1400CE? The debate whether the Prophet Muhammad meant that music is something considered   to be a vice still goes on. However, a religion not employing music in its rites or ceremonies seems to be an inexistent religion. The Quran does not say anything about music but if one gets near a Mosque, especially at noon and during Fridays, the chanting Imam’s voice can be heard as he leads the community prayer. Generally though, music is viewed as secular concern in Islamic religion, especially those that employ instrument. â€Å"The desert Arabs know no religious song and only sing of love and war in their old wild way† (S. M. Zwemer). However, chants existed and the Islamic chants in the early days were dedicated to the Prophet. In Mecca as well as in other â€Å"religious,† centres there is a sort of sacred-music of which Hurgronje gives several specimens. They are chants in honor of the prophet or prayers for him which are sung at the Moleeds or festivals in memory of Mohammed (S. M. Zwemer, 1900). Although music, as previously mentioned, is not promoted in Islam, the Arabians love for music were not hampered, which is totally different from the beliefs of the Mohammedans who consider music as one among the doubtful musements for true believers. The Catholic Church, referred as the â€Å"Western religion† in the early days have its purpose in using music. One very specific example is found in its ritual chant, which, eventually became the foundation of unaccompanied contrapuntal chorus based on the medieval key and melodic systems and also the foundation for the evolution of the present popular and dominant choir music which mixed solo and chorus music with free instrumental accompaniment, based on the modern transposing scales. As stated in the Catholic liturgy from the Missal, music are written to be sung. Unless they are put into tone, the words are useless.   Even in the early years, before the Carolingian Renaissance, Catholic chants already served as a supplemental and reinforcing element for the human emotions. In reading the words of the Catholic liturgy from the Missal we must remember that they were written to be sung, and in a certain limited degree acted, and that we cannot receive their real force except when musically rendered and in connection with the cere ­monies appropriated to them. For the Catholic liturgy is in conception and history a musical liturgy; word and tone are inseparably bound together. The imme ­diate action of music upon the emotion supplements and reinforces the action of the text and the dogmatic teaching upon the understanding, and the ceremony at the altar makes the impression still more direct by means of visible representation (Edward Dickinson, 1902). Chants are not as simple as the usual chorus sang these days. The early Catholic church have made chants very special and not easy to achieve. Why? With chants, it is not only employing voice and vocal quality. To serve the dogmatic nature of the religion, which was so strong at that time, chants must also be perfect to those who are strongly believing in the Church’s dogma. They must be done with interaction of both body and soul as the persons who do the chant put into action their praises to the Lord. All the faculties are therefore held in the grasp of this composite agency of language, music, and bodily motion; neither is at any point   independent of the others, for they are all alike constituent parts of the poetic whole, in which action becomes prayer and prayer becomes action (Edward Dickinson, 1902). Another known religion, which originated in Japan, employing chants in its practices is the Shintoism. In fact, this religion highly regards chant compared to other forms of music when it comes to religious and spiritual application. It is believed to be the God’s chant. According to Shinto Shaman Hideo Izumoto, â€Å"chants resonate the vibrations of the universe and power of creation.† In fact the 47 words of God in Shinto is chanted and it dates back as far as the religion existed and chants became an integral practice of Shintoism. These chants specifically refers to the forty-seven words of God, believed to have been given by angels centuries ago. Moreover, the same Shaman noted that singing God’s Chant daily is the simpliest way to prepare oneself for earth’s upcoming ascension. Even before the Japanese culture and religion was influenced by China and Korea in the sixth century, it has already a respectable culture of music. However, when it comes to Shintoism, the chanting was viewed as a borrowed practice from Buddhism. †¦Japan has received all teachings with open mind; and also that the instructions which came from outside have commingled with the native religion in entire harmony, as is seen by so many temples built in the name of truth with a mixed appellation of Buddhism and Shintoism†¦ (Walter R. Houghton, 1893). With all the three religions mentioned and how they look at music, there is only one underlying factor, the praising of their respective Gods. However, not all of the three mentioned look at music positively, as being the case of the Islamic practice.   However, for Christianity, specifically the western Roman Church, and the Japanese Shintoism, music is essential. With a single aspect of music which is chanting, it can be viewed that Shintoism has the strongest belief of the spiritual and physical effect of this kind of God-praising. It is a reasonable belief since chanting offers all of a person’s self, the concentration, the bodily movement, the language and of course the soul being offered to the God. This view is being shared by both Roman Catholic Christian and Shinto followers. Finally, music can be concluded as an integral part of one religion. Without music, religious rites and majority of its dogma would appear meaningless to its followers. With music, religious followers are exhilarated, resulting to jolly hearts ready to open and to accept what the dogma of their respective religions offer. Works Cited Dickinson, Edward. â€Å"Music in the History of the Western Church: With an Introduction on Religious Music among the Primitive and Ancient Peoples†. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1902. 92. Houghton, Walter R. â€Å"Neely's History of the Parliament of Religions and Religious Congresses at the World's Columbian Exposition†. Chicago, IL: Frank Tennyson Neely, 1893. 158. Zwerner, S.M. â€Å"Arabia: The Cradle of Islam Studies in the Geography, People and Politics of the Peninsula, with an Account of Islam and Mission-Work†. Edinburgh: Oliphant Anderson and Ferrier, 1900. 278.

Relationships between Indians and English at Jamestown Essay

Before the English founded Jamestown in 1607, the Pamunkey Americans who lived in the Chesapeake Bay area were aware of the other culture overseas (Kupperman, 1). The Americans had watched the establishment and eventual abandonment of the Roanoke settlement some twenty years before Jamestown and gained knowledge of English society (1). European ships frequented the bay for trade. A Pamunkey man, who the Spaniards took back to Spain and baptized as Don Luà ­s de Velasco, returned to his homeland in 1571 and further informed the Pamunkeys (1). Though the English would become dominant, the Native Americans might have been the more erudite of the two cultures to clash. Europeans sent reports home from America and told of complex native civilizations and formidable tribes (Kupperman, 1). In time, the English came to assume that Americans were â€Å"accomplished people living in highly developed societies† and to rely their crops and supplies when needed (1). If one successful population could thrive on that land, then another could surely overtake it ultimately (2). The Pamunkeys had their own sights for a newly established Jamestown (Kupperman, 1). They understood the typical European behaviors and manipulated them to exert control (1). With over thirty tribes under Pamunkey leader Powhatan’s command, the natives kept the mostly inept English apprehensive and directed the trading of goods (1). The colonists traded for and exported furs and gold to Europe (1). For the Americans, metal tools, copper ornaments, glass beads and other Europeans products benefited them greatly in exchange (1). The Pamunkeys and their allies had power over the trade westward inland, therefore expanding their influence (2). True to form, the English settlers were incompetent with coping in the New World and became dependant to the natives for support (Kupperman, 2). As the two sides learnt more of each other as they mingled, mutual relationships formed (2). The English wasn’t completely destitute, however, and recuperated under Captain John Smith’s leadership (2). The Americans and the English became relatively amicable, but after Smith left the colony, the  relations deteriorated and conflicts rebounded (2). Meanwhile, retrogression in Europe drove more desperate people to seek life elsewhere, even in a foreign land. Despite that the battle-mottled situation in Jamestown, the English colony grew stronger, invested successfully in tobacco exportation, and ceased to count on Native Americans for help (Kupperman, 2). Instead of being exploited, the balance of power shifted and became more advantageous for the English. This has been: Examination of Relationships found in Indians and English Meet on the James by Karen Kupperman, www.iath.virginia.edu/vcdh/jamestown/essays/kupperman_essay.html

Food and Beverage Control System

LABORATORY MANUAL Food and Beverage Control System Laboratory Activity No. ___ MAKING A SALES FORECAST Objectives: * To be able to know the future sales of the restaurant * | Materials to be used: Paper Pen Calculator Procedures: 1. Read and analyze the stated assumptions. 2. Supply the data needed for the percentage increase for the forecast 2013. 3. To get the forecasted actual covers, multiply the total covers for each month of 2012 to the assumed percentage increase. 4.To get the forecasted average check, multiply the average check for each month of 2012 to the assumed percentage increase. 5. Then, get the sales forecast for 2013 by multiplying the forecasted total covers to the forecasted average check. Instructions: Make a 2013 sales forecast for KSP Bar and Grill using the following data and assumptions. KSP Bar and Grill, a food outlet with 200 seating capacity, generated the following revenue in the year 2012. Make a sales forecast for year 2013, working on the following ass umptions: 1.There is an expected fifty percent (50%) increase of patronage in the month of February because the food outlet will come out with special promotions on Valentine’s Day (February 14) and Chinese Year (also in the month of February). For November 2013, the projected increase in covers is 40% and 50% by the month of December. 2. With better products, intensive promotions and improved services, 20% increase in covers for 2013 is expected. 3. Because of the upgraded menus, prices will increase by 18% for 2013. | SALES 2012|Months| Total Covers| Average Check| Total F&B Revenue| January| 13,020| P 247. 25| P 3,219,195| February| 19,500| P 253| P 4,933,500| March| 17,250| P 250. 70| P 4,324,575| April| 12,840| P 258. 75| P 3,322,350| May| 12,000| P 255. 30| P 3,063,600| June| 9,600| P 224. 25| P 2,152,800| July| 9,000| P 227. 70| P 2,049,300| August| 7,200| P 224. 25| P 1,614,600| September| 12,960| P 232. 30| P 3,010,608| October| 13,440| P 242. 20| P 3,523,968| Novemb er| 14,640| P 270. 25| P 3,956,460| December| 20,250| P 276| P 5,589,000| | | | P 40,759,956| SALES 2013| Covers| Average Check| Sales in Pesos| Month| % increase| Quantity| % increase| Amount in pesos| | January| | | | | | February| | | | | | March| | | | | | April| | | | | | May| | | | | | June| | | | | | July| | | | | | August| | | | | | September| | | | | | October| | | | | | November| | | | | | December| | | | | | | | | | | | Laboratory Activity No. _______ PREPARING A BUDGET WORKSHEET Objectives:| Materials to be used: Pen Paper Calculator Procedures: 1. Read and analyze the problem. 2. Supply the data needed on revenue for the sales distribution. 3.Divide the revenue of food sales and beverage sales by the total sales to get the ratio of sales over gross sales. 4. Supply the data needed on cost ratio to sales on budget distribution. 5. Multiply the revenue of food sales and beverage sales by the cost ratio to sales to get the budget needed. 6. Supply the data needed on cost r atio to sales on budget allocation from the given data. 7. Multiply the total sales by the cost ratio to sales to get the budget needed for the breakdown of budget allocation. Prepare a budget worksheet for KSP Coffee Shop for the month of August.Assume a sales forecast of P2,890,000 with P890,000 beverage sales and P2,000,000 food sales. Use 38% cost ratio to sales for food cost and 20% cost ratio to sales for beverage cost. Use the following budget allocation: Food/Beverage cost (Cost of Sales) ——————————— 35% Labor cost and employee benefits ———————————– 20% Direct operating expenses ——————————————– 4 % Utilities —————————————â⠂¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€ 5% Rental/Amortization ————————————————— % Advertising ————————————————————- 1 % Repairs and Maintenance ——————————————– 1% Taxes ——————————————————————— 1% Insurance —————————————————————- 2% Depreciation cost —————â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€ 2% Administrative/General expenses ———————————— 3 % Profit ——————————————————————— 18% Total ——————————————————-100%BUDGET WORKSHEET SALES DISTRIBUTION| Source| Revenue| Ratio of Sales Over Gross Sales| Food Sales| | | Beverage Sales| | | Total Sales| | | BUDGET DISTRIBUTION| Budget Items| Budget in Pesos| (Cost Ratio to Sales)| A. Food Cost| | | B. Beverage Cost| | | BREAKDOWN OF BUDGET ALLOCATION| 1. Cost of sales (combined food and beverage)| | | 2. Labor cost and employee benefits| | | 3. Direct Operating Expenses ( supplies, materials, etc. )| | | 4. Rental| | | 5. Administrative expenses| | | 6. Amortization for loan| | | 7. Utilities| | | . Repairs and Maintenance| | | 9. Insurance| | | 10. Depreciation| | | 11. Others – ads, etc| | | Total Budget for Expenses| | | Profit| | | Total| | | Laboratory Activity No. ________ RECIPE COSTING AND PRICE DETERMINATION Objectives:| Materials to be used: Pen Paper Calculator Procedures: The recipe indicates the following ingredients for the preparation of the dish RIB ROAST ROYALEYield: 4 portions Ingredients: 450 grams trimmed US prime rib2 pieces baked potatoes 200 grams fresh butter (1 block)2 pieces dinner rolls 0 grams chives2 portions butter 15 grams tarragon leaves2 portions bottled 40 grams parsley40 grams salt Price list: US prime ribP460. 00 Magnolia fresh butter (1 block)P 24. 00 Refined salt (kilo)P 30. 00 Buttered vegetables (portion)P 4. 00 Chives(kilo)P 30. 00 Portion butter (piece)P 5. 90 Tarragon leaves (bottle of 10 grams)P 25. 00 Parsley (kilo)P 85. 00 Recipe cost: Baked potatoesP 5. 00 Rolls (piece)P 2. 00 Total cost and selling price after getting saleable weight | | Standard Yield| Adjusted Yield| Items| Unit/Size (UOM)| Portion/Size| Unit Cost| Cost| Portion/Size| Cost| US prime rib| | | | | | | fresh butter| | | | | | | chives| | | | | | | tarragon leaves| | | | | | | parsley| | | | | | | baked potatoes| | | | | | | dinner rolls| | | | | | | butter| | | | | | | Buttered vegetables| | | | | | | salt| | | | | | | Total| | | | | | | Buffer margin (10%)| | | | | | | Cost/serving| | | | | | | Selling price| | | | | | | Food Cost %| | | | | | |

Explain the process by which democracy was accepted as a valid form of government Essay

Democracy denotes to a government by the people. The name comes from the Greek and means â€Å"rule by the people. † Democracy is government by the majority of the people, or majority rule. It differs from monarchy (â€Å"rule by one†), aristocracy (â€Å"rule by the best, or nobles†), and oligarchy (â€Å"rule by a few†). Democracy has three different related meanings: (1) a form of government in which those who control the government are elected by the people and are responsible, or answerable, for their actions to the people; (2) a form of society in which there is no privileged class and in which individuals may rise by ability to positions of power and influence; and (3) an ideal or way of life that stresses equality, liberty, individual rights, tolerance, freedom of discussion, and compromise. Most democracies are republics, in which the people elect the head of the state. A monarchy with a hereditary king or queen may also be democratic. In Great Britain, for example, is a democracy in the form of a limited monarchy. Some countries that call themselves republics are not democracies. A country with a republican constitution may be a dictatorship in which government is under the complete control of one person. On the other hand, republic is a country in which both the head of the state and the members of the legislature are elected directly or indirectly by the people. Most of the nations of the world today, including the United States and the Soviet Union, are republics. The rest, in most instances, are monarchies, in which the head of the state (a king, queen, or prince) comes into office through inheritance. The term republic and government are sometimes confused. Republic means a constitutional form of government under which the head of the state is elected, either by direct popular vote or indirectly through elected representatives. In addition, social contract denotes to human race originally lived in a â€Å"state of nature,† in which people enjoyed complete freedom, with no laws and no government. Without constraints on their activities, however, people were constantly fighting among themselves, and the safety of each individual was endangered. To ensure their survival, people eventually made an agreement called a social contract, to establish a system a law and order. On the other hand, balance of power is relatively equal distribution of economic and military strength among rival countries or groups countries. For 400 years, the countries of Europe devoted much of their diplomatic and military effort to creating or maintaining such a balance. Their object was to prevent any single nation or group of nations from becoming powerful enough to dominate the continent. The idea of maintaining power equilibrium became an important influence in European politics in the 16th century. An outstanding example of balance-of-power politics occurred in the Thirty Years’ War (1618-48). Furthermore, Republican Party is one of the two major political parties in the United States. Since the time of the Taft administration (1909-13) it has generally been regarded as more conservative than the other major party, the Democratic. However, this difference between the two parties has not always been sharp, as the Republican Party initiated or supported progressive legislation. Also, the Republican Party, like the Democratic, has both liberal and conservative factions. Nonetheless, the Republican Party is generally associated with the interests of business, the wealthy and propertied, and those opposed to the ideas of the welfare state and a â€Å"big government. †

Eight Amendment of the U.S. Constitution - Freedom from Cruel and Research Paper

Eight Amendment of the U.S. Constitution - Freedom from Cruel and unusual Punishment - Research Paper Example The cruel and usual punishment case laws and statutes have helped to define our current application of the law with respect to the 8th amendment. George Cole (2006) emphasized cruel and unusual punishment includes death penalty, torture, inhuman and degrading punishment, and excessive fines and excessive deprivations. Such punishment is unpopular because it unnecessarily imposes excessive torment or embarrassment on the convicted criminals. Historically, the law makers of the English Bill of rights if 1689 coined the words cruel and usual punishment in its crafting of the English version of the bill of rights. William Schabas (2008) states the United Nations General Assembly included in its international bill of rights the phrase â€Å"No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhumn or degrading treatment or punishment† in Article 5 of its Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. Following suit, the United States included the same provisions in it 1787 Amendment to the United States Constitution. In 2008, Greg Roza (2011) reiterated the United States Supreme Court ruled that cruel and usual punishment wa s meted by American soldiers when they use waterboarding to torture the Guantanamo Bay prisoners. Likewise, the American soldiers mistreated and forced the prisoners to participate in humiliating activities. According to the Eight Amendment, the law preventing the implementation of cruel and unusual punishment was enforced to eliminate prior methods of punishments classified as cruel and unusual. For example, impalement was form of cruel and unusual punishment becauese the punishers should pierce the person’s body with a long killing tool. Here, the person would suffer a painful and slow death. This type of European and Asian punishment was popular during the time of Ivan the Terrible. Other forms of cruel and unusual punishment included drawing and quartering, embowelling alive, public dissecting, beheading, and burning alive [Wilkerson V. Utah, 99 U.S. 130, 135 (1878)]. The courts allowed electrocution to be excempt from the list of cruel and unusual punishment [In re Kemmler, 136 U.S. 436 (1890)]. Complaints about cruel and unusual punishment had been voiced in 1789. Back then, the bill rights proponents included the fight to eliminate cruel and unusual punishment. This is fou nd in the Annals of Congress 754 (1789). English history laid the path to the inclusion of the â€Å"cruel and unsual punishment† clause in its 1689 bill of rights. This is shown in E.g., 2 J. Elliot, The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Constitution 111 (2d ed 1836); 3 id.at 447 -52 (Ref: http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/data/constitution/amendment08/03.html#1). Likewise, the Supreme Court rulings include Granucci, â€Å"Nor Cruel and Unusual Punishments Inflicted†: The Original Meaning, 57 Calif. L. Rev. 839 (1969). The term without proportionality had been used by the Court in the case Weems v. United States, 217 U.S. 349 (1910). Greg Roensch (Roensch, 2007) agrees it is vague that the ``unusual'' can be included under the term cruelty Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238, 276 n.20 (1972) ( with Justice Brennan seeing eye to eye)], even though it may be significant in Weems, 217 U.S. at 377, and in Trop v. Dulles, 356 U.S. 86, 100 n. 32 (1958) (plurality opinion), and it was significant in the case of Harmelin v. Michigan, 501 U.S. 957, 994-95 (1991) (``severe, mandatory